Rooyesh-e- Ravanshenasi Journal(RRJ)

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Research in Psychology

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Grieving following the death of loved ones is a natural and necessary process. Many people experience it and grief symptoms of most people recover over time, but a group of people haven’t skills and abilities that are needed to solve the mourning process, which could be source of many psychological problems. Bereaved children are vulnerable group and they are at risk of social and psychological damage. Although many symptoms that occur immediately after the death of loved person gradually reduce after 6 to 12 months, but the difficulties of some children continue, so this children require clinical intervention. This article presents diagnosis and treatment of prolonged grief symptoms in children. For this purpose the characteristics of normal and abnormal grief in childhood and factors that influence how children react to loss have been explained and then conducted interventions and research in this area have been indicated. 

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This paper has studied the relationship between spiritual/ religious coping in improvement and adjustment of chronic patients with special attention to patients with advanced cancer. Based on review of research, a number of questions are mentioned in this context and different evidence is presented for each question. The aim of this study is to provide positive, negative and ambiguous data to any of these questions though opens the way for further research in the field of spiritual/religious care in chronic patients at end stage.

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Since the orientation of academic psychology approach has been shifted from the study of abnormal people to normal one, at the beginning of a new millennium, the study and explanation of human beings Contentious characteristics and the abuse from each other were highly regarded. This paper aimed to know Dark Triad structure as the extract of a century conceptualization of psychology, particularly with a feature-based point of view, rather than disorder-based emphasis on these behaviors. Dark triad was introduced by William and Paul (2002) as a structure that refers to three personality features called Narcissism, Machiavellianism and psychopathy. In particular, these features, with regard to present fundamental and structural features of modern bureaucratic systems can seriously be used in industrial and organizational psychology studies, because essentially such system needs a kind of alienation of job, money or product in people that produce it, thus people with such features, are more likely to go higher in such organizations.

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Reading the Islamic veil as part of character formation highlights the gendered assumptions in Islamic virtue ethics, since the specific acts required for men and women to cultivate modesty are different.the pupose of this paper is showing that Ibn Miskawayh’s views open important perspectives on the place of virtue and its cultivation in the Islamic worldview. n particular, they provide a framework within which to revisit the Muslim practice of veiling, thereby allowing us to understand veiling as integral to the development of the virtue of modesty, as well as afford us a nuanced glimpse into Islamic religious theories and practices.

Elizabeth Bucar works within the Islamic and Christian traditions on issues of gender, politics, and emergent technologies (new media and medical advances). Her books include Does Human Rights Need God? (Eerdmans, 2005), Creative Conformity: The Feminist Politics of U.S. Catholic and Iranian Shi’I Women (Georgetown University Press, 2011), and The Islamic Veil: A Beginner’s Guide (Oneworld Publications, 2012). She is currently working on two new comparative projects tentatively titled The Good of Ambiguous Bodies: The Comparative Ethics of Transsexuality and Pious Fashion: The Virtues of Hijabi Fashionistas. She co-chairs the Comparative Religious Ethics Group at the American Academy of Religion and serves on the board of the Society for the Study of Muslim Ethics.

 

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Abstract

Goal: The purpose of this study was to review the effects of religion and spirituality on physical and mental health, with particular emphasis to the cardiovascular health.

Method: The method of this study was the analytical method.

Results: The review of researches suggested that the religion and spirituality has many important well effects on physical and mental health and prevent of many sicknesses.

Conclude: It is important to attention to the role of religion and spirituality in health systems.

Key Words: Religion, Spirituality, Heath, cardiovascular health

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The necessity  to organise  workshops  psychology

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The dialogical self-theory knows the human's mind as an internal society that its members (the types of self) are engaged in dialogue and dominance seeking as well as an external society. This theory has divided the "self" into three types: traditional (mythical), modern, and post-modern, and then mentioned the characteristics of each according to historical epoch linked with them. Proposing revision in the cited division to become more functional and liberation from the shackle of particular historical epochs and so, offering a new division, were the main aims of this analytical study. In the present research while accepting the basic idea of the dialogical self-theory and its socio historical values, "I" or "self" is divided into five types: ancestral, parental, personal, prospective, and flexible. It seems that this new division compared to the previous classification, provides a better understanding of the human mind in all times. The main suggest of this paper is scientific testing the offered division in comparative studies and individual or group clinical trials.

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Propaganda images of the ideal body for men and women during the socialization process is internalized by the people and inspires them to try, But the inability of a significant proportion of men and women in achieving the ideal body prescribed, has been led to a sharp increase body dissatisfaction and therefore the risk of to various diseases, physical and mental and social damage has been.From many perspectives researchers Body Image is a multidimensional structures, including cognitive, behavioral and emotional components. This means that not only emotional assessments of individuals of body image their bodies are incorporated but They reflect different dimensions of their value and investment behavior in order to keep these dimensions will also be included. The researchers believe that the body image as a multi-faceted structures refers to the satisfaction of the individual's current physical (size, shape, appearance). Body image is defined as the interaction between the components of perceptual or cognitive assessment body size, and the components of the situation, as a complex cognitive- behavioral-emotional response to this assessment.Like other components discussed in psychology, body image as one of the major scale in their constituent interest to theorists is different and each one based on their scientific approaches, have tried to explain and justify this important psychological component.Therefore, in this article express the urgency and importance of body image to described the review of the descriptive study in view of psychoanalysis, cognitive - behavioral, socio-cultural and also psychological theories in this area have been discussed.

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 Zarei, Ghorbani, and Gharibi (2016) reviewed the construct of the Dark Triad in a review article. The current paper is a response to these authors. At this moment, we argue that the proposed translations of these authors into the Persian language are technically problematic. In addition to shortcomings in literature review, Machiavellianism and psychopathy are not adequately addressed by Zarei et al. (2016). Importantly, as can be seen in their title, these authors claim that Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy are the abstract of scientific psychology in the last one hundred years. By providing historical evidence on the Dark Triad traits, we strongly counter these authors’ subjective opinion, suggesting that some of these constructs have appeared in psychological literature less than half a century ego. We do encourage scholars to research the utility of the Dark Triad in Iranian context, however, we simultaneously invite scholars to conduct exhaustive literature reviews. Iranian researchers who are interested to work in this area of study are also encourages to consider the limited number of works that have been already conducted on the Dark Triad in Iran. Finally, this response paper may provide a basis for Iranian personality psychologists who want to study the Dark Triad in Iranian culture to build upon.

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Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is self-immunity disease of the central neuro system known for its enormous damage in brain and spinal cord.In recent years, MS has spread massively in the country causing serious difficulties as it affects different aspects of the patient's life like profession, education and social activities by limiting the physical and cognitive abilities in his most productive years (20-40s).Since a definitive treatment for MS has not yet been found, utilising psychological approaches can positively increase the patient's perception of his own abilities in short term and decrease the level of depression accordingly.In this paper has been tried to provide an analysis of the effects of applying this method in the meetings of individual intervention with patients with Multiple Sclerosis,in addition to introducing the self-review technique as a cognitive reconstruction method theoretically and practically.cognitive problems of MS patients are expressed and the mechanism of psychological methods including the self-review technique in improving the imposed conditions will be explained.

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Expand scope of psychology

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Background and purpose: There are several consequences of divorce increases. Of the consequences of the damage biological, psychological, social, community figures on children who will build the future. So researchers are looking for ways to reduce injuries in children have this dilemma. This study reviews the literature related to psychological first aid for children of divorce is done. Search research is presented in three parts. These are the children of divorce definitions injuries, first aid proper and effective outlines the most effective measures to reduce damage to children of divorce.

analysis method: This study is descriptive (the review).For a comprehensive review of research in the field of psychological injuries and first aid to children of divorce were analyzed several sources. In this regard, in addition to external sources of information, resources and databases inside Iran are also investigated. In the first phase, a total of 25 articles, 35 articles in English and Farsi recorded, saved. Article 30 of the articles were selected after a final review that took 17 articles in Persian and English Article 13.

Results: Studies show that children of divorce damage in individual functional areas (academic, cognitive, emotional, etc.), interpersonal, family been made. If the investigation continues into adulthood. In this regard, the effectiveness of self-segregation interventions such as education, differentiation, life skills training, cognitive-behavioral family therapy, bibliotherapy and play activities centered on reducing the damage has been effective.

Conclusions: Although divorced multiple injuries to children. But psychological intervention approaches, especially with higher efficiency can be profound and lasting impact these injuries are preventable.

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Family is the most enduring school of learning, because of implicit and observational learning has highest stability. On the other hand, gifted children were topic of many studies. This review summarizes research on the phenomenon of perfectionism in gifted children in the family. One of the personality traits of gifted students is to be perfect that may deviate into the perfectionism. Scientific evidence confirms that parents and teachers of children who are introduced as gifted by assessment specialists, expect excellent work in all fields. Such expectations of the gifted can vulnerable them to perfectionism, that this traits can cause irreparable psychological damages in them. Based on the researches findings, it seems that the high expectations of families of gifted children have led to the establishment of perfectionism and consequently the failure of gifted children. Tips for teaching families how to deal properly with gifted children have been proposed in the paper.

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Internet addiction known as a behavioral dependence and the inability to control impulses associated with the use of the Internet, although in 1996, and perhaps earlier, was described, until the publication of the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders in 2013, wasn’t a disorder with formal diagnostic criteria. Putting the internet addiction in third section of DSM 5 -however, as internet gaming disorder that refers only to one of the Internet-related addictive behaviors- represents the uncertainty of calling extreme and problematic use of the Internet as addictive disorder. According to this point, the main aim of this research with descriptive-review method, was to collect the results of current valid studies on internet addiction and investigation of possibility and necessity of place this disorder in addiction and substance use disorders division of future version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. According to the findings of research about internet addiction disorder similarity to physical and psychological dependence on drugs and other addictive behaviors and relationship with other psychological disorders, maladaptive personality characteristics and environmental events stressors, it seems that this disorder in addictive disorders EDI or new version of DSM, will be recognized. It seems that this disorder as “Internet addiction” -not internet gaming disorder- will be relocated in the addictive disorders part of new edition or version of DSM.

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A review of previous papers makes it evident that mental disorder is considered to be the product of multiple factors. Among multiple factors involved in psychopathology, this article examines the role of culture. Cultural practices and beliefs may influence coping with psychological distress and sometimes assist to cope with mental disorder. On the other hand these cultural factors can be the source of distress and conflict and underlie the mental disorders. The influence of cultural factors in psychopathology is the extent to which even the expression of psychological symptoms and seeking to treatment are influenced by person's cultural setting. Furthermore, these cultural influences can pose a challenge for mental health professionals. The psychologist's task is to assess, formulate, diagnose and intervene effectively in the context of mental disorders.  For the interventions to be effective, they should be culturally appropriate, acceptable and also ethical. To plan a effective treatment and relevant to cultural setting, professionals should consider the client's cultural setting for assessment and treatment of psychological disorders. In this article, it's tried to examine the role of culture in etiology, Presentation of symptoms and Treatment Seeking. Cultural considerations in the assessment and treatment of mental disorders have also been studied.

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Morality, guilt, disorder, and crime are considered as key concepts to dialogue between traditional and modern world. From Davanloo’s perspective (2001), guilt is such an overwhelming feeling that in most cases leads to mental illness. However, the experience of guilt may be supposed to lead to dynamics of human life and healing as well. So what makes the boundary between health and disease? The controversial point is Why and how this heavy feeling is the source of suffering and healing at the same time. In the process of attachment to parents, being rejected, or too supported may cause a child to experience conflictual feelings of rage, love, and guilt as the first two are synthesized. Since a child always tries to protect his or her attachment with parents, he or she protects them against destructive feelings by internalizing rage and this is the starting point of psychopathology and psychosomatic conditions. The process seems to be inevitable in human life. After a historical review of the issue, this study analyzed the recent research into guilt and demonstrated the inevitability of mental illness while illustrating that it is a self-imposed and flexible process. As long as the individual ignores the need for self-knowledge, it is possible to continue his or her mental life. But of course healing, self-actualization and vitality depend on being aware of deficiencies and experiencing guilt.

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Mobile phone is today the most influential technologies that apart from the damage of biological, psychological damages are also sought. Growth and expansion of human knowledge and modern technologies that the world is transformed human caused and any moment complexer. One of the phenomena that transformed human life in the twentieth century and still continues a growing trend of cell phones. It seems today the most widely used mobile phone accessories, using social networks and the Internet. Mobile social networks are a new generation of social relationships that make life so much space, they have been able to work well in the living room. Many people of different ages and from different social groups in social networks have come together from great distances in the real world, communicate with each other through social networks. The aim of this study was to evaluate the negative psychological effects of mobile phone use is excessive. This research is descriptive-analytic method. The most common psychological damage mobile phone addiction, identity changes, anxiety, procrastination, sleep disorders, Changes in family relationships, puberty problems and loneliness. The research in each of these areas to provide practical solutions to improve the use of mobile phone is necessary.

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For many  years scientists have tried hard and spent a lot of research budget  in order to show the effect of medicine on brain , in the other hand  our knowledge about  how the psychotherapy works is nearly nothing. by considering the fact that psychotherapy has deep impression on emotion ,behavior and cognition  it is expecting that it Influences the brains function and even its structure. nowdays by keeping distance of dualism , we confronting  the huge amount of research about the effect of psychotherapy on  brain. The National Institute of Mental Health in Research Domain Criteria  has shifted their priorities to find out the physiologic mechanism of pathology and treatment of illness and spending budget for the purpose. in the same race, Neuroscience has developed and due to its Interdisciplinary nation it can be a good connection in order to achieve the goals. in this paper , considering the fact of brains flexibility , we take a look on researches in this area and we are looking for an answer for this questions:1) is psychotherapy has any effect on  brains function and structure? 2) Are the psychotherapy and the medicine have the same effect on brain? 3) are the neurological and the physiological changes of psychotherapy can be an Objective tool in order to study the proceed  and the results?