Rooyesh-e- Ravanshenasi Journal(RRJ)

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The philosophy for children program with a nearly half a century history has opened up well among practical approaches to education and expanded rapidly in several countries, including Iran. The aim of this educational approach, more than anything, is nurturing higher order thinking by philosophical methods. Although all theoretical literature in this field focuses on student epistemic and philosophical development in Community of Inquiry, but in practice, teachers often face a lot of difficulties, either pulling the dialogues  from a philosophical path to a scientific or psychological path, Or even the philosophical dialogue blocks and epistemic progress will stop. Clinton Golding, a pioneer in the field of philosophy for children and a professor University of Melbourne Graduate School of Education, wrote a valuable article in an approach called "philosophical problem - philosophical resolution," in 2009 which became selected article.
In this paper, Golding refers in first to the wrong attitudes and definitions, as well as the ambiguities conceptions about philosophical progress in the philosophy for children, and then he offers his approach which is the identification thinking milestones through philosophical inquiry that helps students to keep their bearings as they move from philosophical problems to philosophical resolutions. Golding According to the theoretical framework of Lipman, Sharp, and other experts in the field of philosophy for children, and using the fundamental theory which support this program, such as the Dewey and Buchler's theories, provides an eight- stages Which present the stages of philosophical inquiry in a seemingly Linear and mechanistic sequence. In this way they can rich to reflective equilibrium through an effective and active dialogue.

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This study aimed to determine the relationship between cognitive beliefs and self-efficacy and test anxiety in secondary school students at Public Schools in Tonekabon city.  The statistical population included all fourth-year female students in public schools at TonekabonThat 180 students were selected as sample by using random clustering sampling. Tools of the research were, Inventory cognitive beliefs, self-efficacy and test anxiety. According to appropriate validity, reliability coefficient was obtained .75, .85, .94.  A research method is a descriptive and correlation type and used for the analysis of data obtained included mean, standard deviation, frequency table, diagram and inferential statistics that include Pearson correlation coefficient and Regression equation. The results showed that: There isn't a relationship between positive beliefs about worry and anxiety in test in students. There isn't a relationship between consciousness cognitive and anxiety in a test. There is a positive relationship between trust cognitive and anxiety in test in students. There is a positive relationship between negative beliefs about the uncontrollability of treatment and anxiety in test in students. There is a positive relationship between beliefs about the need to thought of control anxiety in test in students. There is a negative relationship between self-efficacy and anxiety in test in students. Thus, the number of cognitive beliefs, awareness of learning, curriculum, examination and self-education increase, on the positive side, also reduced exam anxiety and even a person responds to exam calmly and gets a good result.

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This study aimed to investigate the role of early maladaptive schemas in the marital satisfaction of  Kermanshah Police Officers. This descriptive study was the correlational type. Two hundred married women working in Kermanshah Police Department were selected as the sample. Young schema questionnaire first measurement tools, Enrich marital satisfaction scale was realistic and wife. The Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis (stepwise) was used to analyze the data. The findings showed that the emotional deprivation, exclusion and abandonment, social isolation, failure, emotional inhibition, restraint, and self-discipline there is a significant negative marital satisfaction. Regression analysis showed that emotional deprivation, exclusion and abandonment, social isolation, failure, and emotional inhibition, threatening and multi-meaningful relationship with marital satisfaction (P<0/01).  Based on these findings, we can conclude that early maladaptive schemas inquisitive wife's marital satisfaction could be predicted. Considering the importance of family health aides, social workers, psychiatrists, and other officials are proposed to hold workshops and seminars to promote knowledge of their spouses.

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Considering the importance of painting in the manifestation of the inner world of people and understanding their issues, the present study examined the evolution of the demonstrative signs of anxiety and depression in a scenic scan test in elementary students of Bandar Abbas.The study population consisted of all male and female students of elementary schools in Bandar Abbas in the academic year 1395-96. In order to select the sample, six schools were randomly selected through cluster sampling. Then, based on available sampling, 20 students with anxiety disorder and 20 students with depression were selected from among the students referring to the counselors of these schools. Then, appropriate tests were performed (children's anxiety and depression questionnaires). The choice was based on the fact that the score of each selected person in the test of that disorder was a standard deviation above the mean. Twenty-eight students were randomly selected from the same schools. After drawing the scenic painting by the participants, the interpretation and comparison of the painting of the groups was done using the Chi-square test. Chi square test showed that there is a significant difference between the members of the groups of normal, depressed and anxious students in terms of some of the drawings of landscape painting. Failure to observe head-to-trunk ratio, dim lines, small draw drawing, use of discontinuous lines, differences in the application of colors, lack of a landscape around the dummy, twisted drawing lines in the drawing of the tree, frequent corrections and closed shoots, including Painting features of students with a disorder. Although painting has a major role in recognizing the individual's inner world, but in order to better interpret the individual's drawings, the child should receive as much detail as possible from his child's life and painting.

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The aim of the present study was to investigate the structural pattern of difficulty in emotional regulation with conduct disorder based on mediating emotional and cognitive empathy in male adolescents. The research method was descriptive-correlation based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all the male students of the first secondary school in Kermanshah city in 2021-2022, 234 students who obtained the highest scores in the pediatric symptoms questionnaire and had the most symptoms of conduct disorder, were selected as a sample group based on the purposive sampling method. the questionnaires were the Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (DERS, Gratz and Roemer, 2004) and the Empathy Benefit Scale (EQ, Baron-Cohen, 2003). For analyzing data we used the Pearson correlation test and analysis of structural. The results of data analysis showed that the model has a good fit and there is a significant correlation & difficulty in regulating emotion and emotional & cognitive empathy have a direct and significant effect on the behavioral disorder(P<0.01). Also, difficulty in regulating emotion through the mediation of emotional and cognitive empathy has an indirect and significant effect on students' behavior disorder (P<0.01). Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the development of self-regulation of emotion can make it possible to achieve empathy in a person and act as an effective factor in reducing the symptoms of conduct disorder and increasing prosocial behavior in adolescents.

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The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of the resilience and psychological toughness training program on the job satisfaction and motivation of employees of Alborz Gas Company. The research method is semi-experimental and practical in terms of purpose. The statistical population of this research consists of all the employees of Alborz Gas Company in 1401, among the 187 people who were investigated by simple random sampling method, twenty people who scored below the average in the research variables Purposive sampling was selected and participated in the experimental research. In this research, the selected samples participated in a twelve-hour training course on strengthening resilience and psychological toughness, and the levels of all four dependent and independent variables were measured. Kubasa's stubbornness, Connor and Davidson's resilience questionnaires, DeLong's career development assessment, and Spector's job satisfaction (JSS) were used to collect information. Data were analyzed using SPSS 24 and PLS 2 software. After ensuring the normality of the research data, the paired t-test was used. The analysis of the data obtained from the comparison of the average scores before and after the intervention in all four variables indicates that there is a significant difference in job satisfaction, psychological toughness, resilience, and motivation to progress in the experimental group before and after the intervention, which shows that It has the effect of educational intervention.