Rooyesh-e- Ravanshenasi Journal(RRJ)

---

The purpose of this study was to determining the effectiveness of training based on technical eclecticism approach on resiliency and Self-efficacy in OCD patients with depression comorbidity. As a semi-experimental study, the sample (24 patients) was selected from 60 women who were referred to one of the psychiatry clinics in Tehran. 12 individuals were put in experimental group, and 12 other were put in the pharmacotherapy group. The experimental group received 12 Sessions of technical eclecticism approach training. Both groups completed resilience scale (Conner & Davidson, 2003) and self-efficacy (Sherer et al., 1982) scales in pre- test and post-test. The results of analysis of covariance showed that group training based on technical eclecticism approach increased patients’ self-efficacy (P<0/05), but had not significant effect on their resiliency. Findings of this research could be helpful in clinical Implicated application of technical eclecticism approach on self- efficacy in OCD patients.

---

Given the importance of moderator and mediator variables in Detection and prediction of mental disorders, the main objective of this study was to investigate the mediator or moderator role of  hemisphere preference in relationship between suppression and social anxiety. In this study, 120 high school female students who were selected using cluster sampling, formed the research sample. In this study, Participants completed a questionnaire Connor social anxiety, emotion regulation questionnaire and hemisphere preference Scale. For data analysis, were used from non-parametric chi-square test and Pearson correlation and also Z-test for significance of correlation coefficients in two independent samples. The results showed that suppression have Significant positively correlated with social anxiety. As well as right hemisphere preference with higher social anxiety had a Significant positive relationship. Finally, the results showed that the preference hemisphere has a moderator role in relationship between suppression and social anxiety. According to the findings, seems that suppression with moderator role of hemispheric preference, can better predict social anxiety.

---

Internet addiction disorder is identified due to overuse of Internet accompanied with lack of control, desire or behaviors which lead to disruption. This research aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the short version of the Young's Internet Addiction questionnaire in the student community. To investigate the features of this questionnaire, first  Internet Addiction questionnaire was translated using double-translation technique, then, to evaluate its psychometric indicators, this questionnaire was implemented with Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, short version of the Big Five personality And original 20-item Yang Internet addiction questionnaire. Analysis of the collected data showed the validity of this questionnaire, alpha coefficients 0/87 and 0/88 respectively for the two subscales of the lack of control / management time and desire / social problems. Also, concurrent validity with the long form of Yang Internet addiction was 0/89 (p<0.01), and has a significant positive correlation with subscales of the Bart Impulsiveness Scale (p<0.01), and negatively correlated (p<0.01) with Subscales of openness and agreeableness of Big Five personality traits' form. Results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis supported the factorial structure of the questionnaire. Yang Short Form questionnaire of Internet addiction has good psychometric properties in Iranian society. 

---

The aim of this study is to compare components of difficulties in emotion regulation scale in  philanthropists people group and ordinary people group. The sample included 30 people who have active participate in charities of shiraz city and 30 ordinary people that 2groups matched with each other. Difficulties in emotional regulation scale was used for this study. Data were analyzed by MANOVA. The results showed that philanthropists people take lower scores than ordinary people in 4 components of Non acceptance  of emotion responses, Difficulties engaging in Goal-Directed Behaviour, Impulsive control difficulties and Limited Access to Emotion Regulation Strategies. Also there wasn’t the significant difference in components of Lack of Emotional clarity and Lack of Emotional Awareness in two groups. According to results, the people who participate in altruism activities become able to regulate their emotion better than ordinary people.

---

The present study aimed at investigating the effect of mental kinestick imagery on athletic confidence. The population of this quasi-experimental study comprised the whole amateur basketball players. Available sampling was used as the instrument, such that 30 physical education students from Islamic Azad University of Kermanshah volunteered to participate in this study. They were classified into two groups of kinestick imagery and control, using matching scores method in Revised Hall and Martin’s (1997) questionnaire. Further, Willie and Knight’s (2002) scale of athletic confidence was used to measure participants’ athletic confidence in pre- and post-test. The experimental group did six sessions of thirty-minute kinestick imagery exercise and pay lay-up shot, while the control group only pay lay-up shot. With controlling the pre-test scores,  The results indicated a statistically significant difference between the two groups in post test of athletic confidence scores. The implication of this study is the impact that mental mental  kinestick  imagery has on improving athletic confidence in athletes.

---

As self-conscious emotions, shame and guilt, are at the heart of pathology and developmental psychology. Numerous studies have acknowledged their importance and developmental psychologists, especially psychoanalysts, explained their critical role in etiology of mental disorders. Despite the fundamental effects of these emotions in human life, few studies have explored them objectively.  Most people, even mental health professionals, have not been able to clearly discriminate between shame and guilt. In this article, we have reviewed the studies on shame and guilt in order to explain their distinct role in human development and sociability. We have also investigated their relationships with mental health variables. Shame is often associated with violence, hurt and avoidance but guilt is a more mature emotion and its focus is usually on faults and compensation. Compensation leads to admitting that certain behaviors were not proper and motivates appropriate ones. However, there are uncongenial evidence which show that guilt not only does not result in compensation in every case, but also could have adverse effects on individual’s mental health and success. 

---

Obesity and overweighting as a chronic disorder are effected from the complex interaction of environmental, cultural, psychosocial, metabolic, and genetically factors and cause an emotional, psychological, and social problem for peoples. The current research aimed to determine the relationship between body image and social anxiety with positive and negative affect in overweight women. A descriptive correlation method was used. The sample was selected randomly from over-weight women in Karaj province and was asked to answer to image body, social anxiety, and negative and positive affect questionnaires. Data analyzed done by the Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between body image and positive and negative affect (p<0/01). Also, there was a meaningful relationship between social anxiety and positive and negative affect (p<0/01). The results of stepwise regression analysis showed that social anxiety and body image could be explained %15 variance of positive affect and %18 variance of negative affect. Current research introduces necessary experimental evidence about knowing psychological problems in overweighting persons, which could be useful in providing fitness programs.

---

Given the significance of balance in maintaining body posture and exercising complex sports skills, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of brain gym on static and dynamic balance of non-athlete female students. To this end, 24 non-athlete female students from University of Kharazmi voluntarily participated in this study, and were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group performed brain gym exercises, which were specifically designed to improve their body balance, for 8 sessions of 30 minutes each. The control group underwent a series of flexibility and stretching exercises, deemed not to impact their balance. The number of sessions and the time devoted to each session was the same as the treatment the experimental group went through. In order to measure the static and dynamic balance of the participants in the pre- and post-test, the Stork and Star tests were administered. ANCOVA was used to analyze the data. The results indicated that controlling the pre-test scores, there was a statistically significant difference in the static and dynamic balance between the control and the experimental groups, suggesting that brain gym has a positive impact on static and dynamic balance. It then follows that due to the ease of implementation of brain gym exercises, coaches and physical education teachers can use brain gym in order to improve balance in their students.

---

This study aims to evaluate the moderation effects of self-esteem on the association between mindfulness and psychological well-being in the students of Azad University of Kashan. The type of this research is in the field of applied research and the nature and method of data collection is in descriptive-correlation study. The statistical population of this research is the all of students of Islamic Azad University of Kashan who are studying in the second semester of the academic year 96-97. By using multi-stage random cluster sampling, 277 students are selected and these students completed a packet of three questionnaires that assessed mindfulness, self-esteem, and psychological well-being (consist of the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory-Short Form, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Inventory, and the Ryff's Scale Psychological Well-being inventory-Short Form). To analyze the data descriptive statistics (average, frequency and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (coefficient correlation Pearson, and moderating regression) to generalize the results of the sample to the community and SPSS software was used for data analysis. The results showed that each of these variables of psychological well- being, self-esteem and mindfulness have a significant relationship with each other. Also, the findings from moderating regression indicate that the self-esteem significantly (p<0.01) could explain 38% of the psychological well-being variable. These findings show the moderating role of self-esteem in the relationship between mindfulness and psychological well-being variables.

---

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the factor structure and internal consistency of the Harman-Jones (2011) attitude toward the emotion scale (ATES) among the highschool grade 2 students in the academic year of 2018-2019. The statistical population of this study includes all second-grade students in Tehran and a sample of 252 high school students in Fatemiyeh high school in the 6th area of 14th region city of Tehran and the tool used to measure Harman-Jones's attitude toward the emotion. The findings of the exploratory analysis indicated that this scale is by the culture of Iranian adolescents, covering five factors of attitude toward anger, sadness, agony, fear, and pleasure, which together account for 58.92% of the total variance. The items related to these five factors have a T value of above 1.96 and a useful load factor of more than 0.4 and a standard load of more than 0.3. The fitting indices were also reached to desirable proportions, and since RMSEA is less than 0.08, the relative chi-square is less than 3, and the GFI, NFI, CFI, and IFI fit index is 0.9, so the 5-factor model discovered in the analysis Exploration has been confirmed in the confirmation analysis and is consistent with the culture of Iranian adolescents over 16 years of age. Also, each of the five factors has an alpha value higher than 0.7, which is consistent with internal consistency.

---

---

The problems of adults with autism, especially marriage, are one of the most challenging problems for families. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the views and attitudes of parents towards the marriage of boys and girls with autism. In this exploratory and descriptive study, the attitudes of 100 parents of children with autism over the age of 15 years in Tehran were examined using the available sampling method by conducting a researcher-made questionnaire. The findings showed that only 30 percent of parents expressed a positive attitude toward the marriage of girls and boys with autism. The participants agreed with the support of relevant organizations and associations by educating families about marriage and cohabitation of children with autism. While only 10 percent of parents believed that people with autism have no sexual desires at all, 55 percent disagreed with taking medication to control the sexual desires of individuals with autism. On the other hand, 90 percent of parents believed that sports activities should be utilized to control sexual desires in individuals with autism. Ninety percent of parents believed that individuals with autism should get married. According to the findings, despite numerous problems in the field of autism spectrum disorder, the most important of which is the lack of communication skills, half of the families opposed the marriage of people with autism spectrum disorders, but their view was that individuals with autism can marry with others. Modification of the attitudes of parents and individuals with autism as well as various segments of society is the most important step that experts, counselors, and planners should take.

---

Positive psychotherapy has some efficiencies in the treatment of depression but its effectiveness can be increased through technical and theoretical integration. The aim of the present study is to develop an integrative treatment model and comparing its effectiveness with positive psychotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy. The research design is quasi-experimental. The population consists of all individuals with major depression in the city of Mashhad. One hundred twenty participants with major depression were included in the present study. They were allocated in four groups of integrative positive psychotherapy, positive psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and control group. All participants responded to the dysfunctional attitudes scale (Beck & Weissman 1978), Beck Depression Inventory (1979), and Values In Action-Inventory of Strengths (Petrerson & Seligman 2004). The data were analyzed through covariance analysis. No significant difference was found between the three intervention groups in the post-test. However, all intervention groups demonstrated significant differences with the control group in the post-test.In follow-up, integrative positive psychotherapy demonstrated higher effectiveness in relapse prevention in comparison to other treatments. findings of the present study demonstrated that clinical application of some character strengths can improve the effectiveness of treatment in relapse prevention.

---

Corona-related anxiety has pervasive effects on various aspects of society. Some people are more receptive to this condition and others experience a lot of negative emotions. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between experiential avoidance and difficulty in emotional regulation with coronary anxiety in Kermanshah. In this study, 317 people answered online through virtual networks to The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (Gratz & Roemer, 2004), Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (Bond et al. 2007), and the coronavirus anxiety Scale (Lee, 2020). Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The results showed that coronary anxiety had a significant positive correlation with difficulty in regulating emotion but had a negative correlation with experience avoidance (p< .0/01). The results of the regression analysis also showed that experimental avoidance and difficulty in emotion regulation predict 0.305 of the variance of coronary anxiety. These results showed that people who have less flexibility show less acceptance of life events and for those who have difficulty controlling their emotions, events like Corona will have a negative effect on them. Therefore, it is necessary to hold online workshops and design appropriate psychological interventions.

---

Coronavirus disease   (COVID-19), which is a threat to global health, in addition to endangering physical health, will exert irrecoverable psychological effects. Due to this, it is necessary to know the positive psychological factors and effective psychological therapies to deal with this disease. the purpose of this study was to investigate interventions and psychological characteristics affecting Coronavirus disease and its Psychopathology by systematic review method. For this purpose, studies during the years 2019 to 2020  in Persian databases were reviewed by searching for the keywords Corona, Covid 19, quarantine, psychological characteristics, and mental health. Based on the inclusion criteria, 23 articles were included in the study and their results were classified, summarized, and reported. The results showed that increased anxiety and depression, sleep problems, fear of death, and post-traumatic stress are among the psychological consequences of the prevalence of this disease for ordinary people. Also, having traits such as resilience, psychological toughness, humor and a sense of cohesion can help people against the pressures of the corona. Psychological therapies, including therapies based on spirituality, reality therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and acceptance and commitment therapy are effective in helping to cope with illness. Based on the results of the present study, it is necessary to make educational and therapeutic interventions in order to reduce psychological problems and strengthen positive psychological characteristics to deal with Coronavirus disease.

---

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of perceived gender discrimination and identity styles in predicting learned helplessness in girls experiencing home run. This research was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the study was girls referring to night care centers and shelters in Tehran, District 12 (Shoosh neighborhood) in the first quarter of 1400, from which 120 people were selected by purposive sampling. Research instruments included the Learned Helplessness Questionnaire (LHS) (Quinless & Nelson, 1988), the Gender Discrimination Incident Questionnaire (SSE) (Klonoff&  Landrine, 1995), and the Identity Style Questionnaire (ISI) (Berzonsky, 1992). Pearson correlation test and simultaneous linear regression were used to analyze the data. Findings showed perceived gender discrimination (discriminatory events in the past year and throughout life) and confused/avoidant identity style with learned helplessness. A positive and significant relationship and normative, informational, and identity styles with helplessness. Learners had a negative and significant relationship (P <0.05). Also, the regression results showed that discriminatory events during life, discriminatory events during the past year, information identity style, normative identity style, and avoidant/confused identity style 0.52 predict learned helplessness. Given the perceived gender discrimination and identity styles in predicting the learned helplessness learned in girls with experience of running away from home, it seems necessary to conduct workshops based on these concepts for families.

---

The main purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of rational-emotional behavior therapy (REBT) on behavioral activation/inhibition systems (BAS / BIS), high-risk sexual behaviors, and experimental avoidance in adolescents with a history of running away from home. The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with the control group. The statistical population of the study included adolescents referring to transient harm reduction centers and night shelters for men and women in the Shush-Harandi area of Tehran in the first 6 months of 1400. Using the available sampling method, 30 people were selected and randomly selected. The experimental and control groups (15 people in each group) were assigned. The scale measuring tools were Inhibition / Behavioral Activation Systems (BIS/BAS) (Carver and White, 1994), the High-Risk Sexual Behaviors Questionnaire (RSBQ) (Zarei et al., 2010), and the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ- II) (Band et al., 2011). Behavior therapy with REBT approach on behavioral activation/inhibition systems, high-risk sexual behaviors, and experimental avoidance was performed on the experimental group for 8 sessions of 90 minutes. The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed that group counseling with the REBT approach had an effect on reducing the symptoms of behavioral activation/inhibition systems, high-risk sexual behaviors, and experimental avoidance (P<0/05). Due to the effectiveness of rational-emotional behavior therapy on the symptoms of behavioral activation/inhibition systems, high-risk sexual behaviors, and experimental avoidance, it is recommended to conduct training workshops based on these concepts in harm reduction centers.

---

The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of communication skills and academic skills in relation to emotion-seeking and metacognitive beliefs in the risk-taking of adolescent students with high-risk behaviors. The method of the present study is descriptive correlation and is a structural equation model. The statistical population of the present study was all male and female high school students in the city of Karaj in the academic year 1399-1400, from which 300 people were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling method. To collect data from the Risk Behavior Questionnaire (RBH) of Zadeh Mohammadi et al. (2011), Social, Academic and Emotional Risk Behavior Questionnaire (SAEBRS), Kilgus et al. (2016), Zuckerman et al. Et al., Metacognitive Beliefs (MB) of Wells and Cartwright-Hutton (2004), Interpersonal Communication Skills (AICS), Fatro (2000) and Academic Skills (AS), Shabani et al. (1397) were used. Structural equation modeling and bootstrap test were used to analyze the data. The results showed that the proposed model had a good fit. Excitement with a level of significance (0.1) and metacognitive beliefs with a level of significance (0.1) are directly related to social, academic, and emotional risk-taking. Emotion-temperament indirectly and through the variable of interpersonal communication skills are related to social, academic, and emotional risk-taking (0.03). The indirect relationship between metacognitive beliefs and social, academic, and emotional risk-taking through interpersonal communication skills was not confirmed (0.35). The results also showed that emotion seeking is indirectly related to social, academic, and emotional risk-taking through the variable of academic skills (0.04). Metacognitive beliefs are indirectly related to social, academic, and emotional risk-taking through the variable of academic skills  (0.01).

---

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between authoritarian parenting and conduct disorder mediated by self-esteem in male adolescents living in correction and rehabilitation centers. The present study is a cross-sectional analysis of path analysis. The present study is a cross-sectional analysis of path analysis. The statistical population of the present study included all adolescent boys in correction and rehabilitation centers in Kerman, Yazd, and Hormozgan provinces and one of their parents in 2020 years, in this study, 180 samples participated by convenience sampling. Data were collected using the Demographic Information Questionnaire, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; SDQ (Goodman, 1997), Baumrind Parenting Styles Questionnaire; BPSQ (Baumrind, 1971)) and Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory; CSEI (Coopersmith, 1967) was performed. Data analysis was done by the path analysis method. Bootstrap results showed that the direct effects of authoritarian parenting on self-esteem (β=0.226), authoritarian parenting on conduct disorder (β=0.424), and self-esteem on conduct disorder (β=-0.747) are significant (P<0.05). The results also showed that the indirect effect of authoritarian parenting mediated by self-esteem on conduct disorder (β= 0.161) is significant and has a partial mediating role (P<0.05). Other results showed that the proposed model has a good fit. Authoritarian parenting is a negative factor on adolescents' self-esteem that can play an effective role in adolescent conduct problems, so to prevent conduct problems in adolescents, attention should be paid to improving parenting skills.

---

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of theater therapy on anxiety sensitivity, emotion regulation, and social interaction anxiety of patients with social anxiety. The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test, and control groups with 2-month and 6-month follow-up periods. The population included all students in Tehran in 1398 and 1399, in which 40 people were selected in a Purposive sampling manner and were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. Research tools included the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) of Heimberg et al (1992), the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 (ASI-3) of Taylor and Cox (1998), and the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire of Gross and John (2003). Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and SPSS-24 software The results showed that theater therapy led to a significant improvement in anxiety sensitivity, emotion regulation, and social interaction anxiety (P< 0/05). From the above findings, it can be concluded that theater therapy can be used as an attractive and uncomplicated approach to improve the psychological problems of patients with social anxiety.