Rooyesh-e- Ravanshenasi Journal(RRJ)

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The purpose of this study was to compare the reaction time and balance in autism and healthy children. The research method was casual-comparative research. 15 children with autism were recruited voluntarily and 15 normal children (consistent with their peers in age, Body Mass Index, effective developmental disorders, chronological age, sensory profile measurement, lack of orthopedic and cardiovascular problems, no convulsion in the last two years and no drug use which affects the motor control) were chosen randomly. The reaction time apparatus and Biodex were respectively used for measuring Reaction time and balance. Ks test was used to specify the data normality, and an independent- t-test was used to compare the mean in two groups. The results suggested that the balance performance of children with autism was disturbed in all three balance tests including total, anterior-posterior and lateral tests in high difficulty level of balance tasks (respectively, p=0.001, p=0.03, p=0.001) while no significant difference was found in low difficulty level of balance tasks. Conclusively, it was found that visual simple and choice reaction time was significantly weaker in children with autism that must be taken into consideration.

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General health is important in social and personal performance of individuals. Students who have lower psychological well-being, are emotional and use physical control and emotion-focused problem solving. Also their time management is weak and have a negative perfectionism. This research has studied effectiveness of group counseling with transactional analysis approach in enhancing students' general health. That has been performed in the framework of quasi experiment with pre-post-test design of the control group. The students of Mohaghegh Arddabili university that participated in the call for group counseling and responded to the general health questionnaire, were the statistical society of research. , Two groups, include experimental and control group with ten member, were formed of those responded to general health questionnaire and their score were more than 21. The general Health Questionnaire was administered as pre-post test, before and after group counseling in both groups. Statistical analysis of the data collected was performed through the  independent t-test using the spss software. The results showed that using of group counseling with transactional analysis approach is effective in improving students' general health (p <0.5). Although students' Social interaction scores improved in experimental group, but this difference was not significant. The use of group counseling with transactional analysis approach is effective in improving students' general health. The used techniques were effective in reducing somatic symptoms, anxiety and depression. .

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Abstract:

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of visual messages with the content of the water crisis on the domestic household water consumption. This study is experimental from pretest-posttest model with control group. The population of this study is families that have at least one child enrolled in male high school (first period) in Qods town. The sample gathered by using two-stage sampling included 30 families with children who are student and were selected from an eight-classroom school (15 households were in experiment group and 15 households in the control group). The tool for gathering the information about the amount of consumption of water was researcher made questionnaire and intervening tools were three posters that have validity and a water crisis as the independent variable. One way Anova was used for analyzing the data. Findings Analysis of variance showed that the effect of the independent variable (visual message) on the dependent variable (the amount of household water consumption) is significant (375 / eta squared F = 0, 000/0 = P, 00/27), consequently, visual messages themed water crisis has significant impact on household water consumption and the water consumption for experimental group after the test is discounted.

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Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of positive psychotherapy on the sense of hope and psychological well-being of patients with vitiligo (PCI).
Method: This semi-experimental research is a pre-test-post-test with a control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all male and female patients referring to Hazrat-e-Abolfazl Hospital and Oriental dentistry dermatologist of Kashmar in 1395. The sample was selected through voluntary and voluntary sampling method. The research tool was a Schneider Hope Scale and a psychological well-being reef. For data analysis, SPSS-22 and inferential statistics (covariance analysis) were used.
Results: Findings showed that the mean scores of hope and psychological well-being in the post-test of the experimental group were significantly higher than the mean post-test scores in the control group.
Conclusion: Positive psychotherapy is effective in increasing the hope and psychological well-being of patients with vitiligo. It can, therefore, be considered as a therapeutic approach.

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During last years, a growing body of research has been conducted into mindfulness-based therapies. This review aimed to examine the impact of mindfulness-based interventions upon the Iranian. Therefore, in the literature reviews from 1391 to 1397, the mentioned treatment was the main one. Then, upon detailed investigation of the studies, some recommendations is offered in order to improve methodological quality of individual studies or logical links among therapeutic elements.

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The Present study has been done to investigate the role of Relationship Beliefs and personality characters in predicting sexual satisfaction of married female nurses of Kermanshah.Research type was descriptive - Correlation. Population of this study was all married female nurses of Kermanshah in 2014-2015 yea. 278 married female nurses were selected through cluster sampling method. Instruments include Relationship Beliefs questionnaires’ (Epstein & Eielson), the Five Factor Personality Inventory (NEO-FFI); (Costa & McCare, 1992).  And sexual satisfaction (Larson).The gathered Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and linear regression stepwise method. The results showed that there was a significant negative relationship between Personality character neuroticism and sexual satisfaction and significant positive relationship between Personality characteristics (Agreeableness, flexibility and responsibility) with sexual satisfaction. There is a significant negative relationship between Relationship Beliefs (Disagreement is destructive, Mind reading is expected and Sexual perfectionism) and relationship Beliefs with sexual satisfaction. Was not observed significant relationship between personality character Extroversion and Relationship Beliefs (Partner cannot change and the sexes are different). Between Personality characters, responsibility and Relationship Beliefs (Disagreement is destructive and Sexual perfectionism) can predict ٪34 of Variance of sexual satisfaction. According results present study can be said that personality character responsibility and Relationship Beliefs (Disagreement is destructive and Sexual perfectionism) can predict sexual satisfaction.

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In recent years, the use of the “transdiagnostic” term and construct has been considered in the field of psychopathology and psychological treatments. Transdiagnostic models and treatments were developed in contrast to single-diagnosis protocols. Transdiagnostic in psychopathology means addressing common underlying mechanisms in a range of comorbid disorders and in the field of treatment means we provide treatment protocols that do not merely intervene based on specific diagnoses and treat these underlying mechanisms. In this regard, the present article aims to explain the different meanings of transdiagnostic construct and to present a brief overview of two proposed transdiagnostic models and treatments; unified therapy and emotion regulation therapy. Finally, considering the challenges of comorbidity associated with psychiatric disorders and the ease of dissemination and treatment in transdiagnostic status, the advantages and disadvantages of this approach are discussed.

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The purpose of this study was to predict the life satisfaction based on spiritual well-being and communication skills in the parents of exceptional children. The method of this research was correlation. The statistical population of this study included all parents with exceptional children in Hashtgerd and Nazarabad in 1396. Sampling of this study was available and sample size was 100. The instruments of this study were Diener et al Life satisfaction questionnaire (1985), Poltezion and Ellison Life Health Questionnaire (2005) and Barton J's Communication Skills Questionnaire (1990). For data analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient and simultaneous regression were used at the significant level (P <0.05). The results of statistical analysis showed that spiritual well-being and communication skills can predict life satisfaction and in general, spiritual well-being and communication skills predict 16% of life satisfaction. Therefore, according to the results of this study, with the increase of spiritual well-being and communication skills, life satisfaction in parents with an exceptional child increases.

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Children live socially from birth to adulthood, and learning is an integral part of their living. They won’t achieve the knowledge and skills for life without learning. However, childhood period is not lasting enough for learning all of the massive amounts of information and skills required for living in this world as adults and children aren’t able to acquire the whole of knowledge and skills through their first-hand experience. So, children need to learn from other’s testimony, especially from adults. But the problem is that all people around the children don’t have enough knowledge and they may provide false information, or it is possible that they want to deceive children with intentionally wrong information. Therefore, children could not trust everybody impatiently and accept all of their information without analyzing. In this article, by reviewing the earlier studies, we explain that children in all of their interactions with others trust selectively. Then, fourteen effective factors on children’s selective trust have been explained. Finally, in General Discussion, it is explained that children’s trust is not fixed and it updates all the moments by getting new information about different informants. 

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Although a variety of treatments have been developed over the past decade to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), one of the most effective psychological treatments to improve its symptoms is eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). This study was performed with the aim to systematically review the studies which have focused on the effect of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing on post-traumatic stress disorder. In this systematic review, searching was conducted in SID, Magiran, Noormags, and Google Scholar databases for clinical trials written in Persian and English using the keywords "post-traumatic stress disorder", "PTSD", " eye movement desensitization and reprocessing" and "EMDR" as well as their English equivalent. Totally, seventeen full-text articles were subjected to a final review. After searching, screening, and evaluation, the results showed that all studies in general (overall score) had reported positive effects of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing on improving post-traumatic stress disorder. The findings also showed that this therapy was effective for specific groups, including victims. The studies covered were conducted in different individuals, small sample size, and various cultural contexts. According to these findings, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing could be useful psychotherapy to treat trauma-associated symptoms and improve psychological symptoms in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder. Further studies however are needed in order to reach firmer conclusions about EMDR of psychotherapies on some symptoms.

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The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of defense mechanisms in the relationship between personality disorders and emotional self-awareness. The Study design was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population included all people with each of the personality disorders, who referred to the psychotherapy and counseling office of the first author of the article in Tehran province in 2019 & 2020, that a sample of 200 people was selected, by using the convenient sampling method, and they responded to the Millon Multiaxial Inventory-III (1994), the Emotional Self-Awareness Questionnaire by Grant et al., (2002) and the Defense Styles of Andrews et al. (1993). The correlation coefficients of research variables with the total score of personality disorders showed that emotional self-awareness is significantly negatively correlated with the overall score of personality disorder, and underdeveloped and neurotic defense mechanisms are significantly positively correlated with it. Also, the developed defense mechanisms are significantly mediating the relationship between personality disorders and emotional self-awareness, including schizoid, schizotypal, histrionic, borderline, narcissistic, dependent, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, and the category of another personality disorders, and have a positive relationship with emotional self-awareness and a negative relationship with personality disorders. In other words, the less use of developed defense mechanisms leads to lower emotional self-awareness and greater grounds for the emergence of these personality disorders. The mediating role of neurotic defense mechanisms was significant in the two schizotypal and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders, and this defensive style had a positive relationship with personality disorder and a negative one with emotional self-awareness. The present study showed the relationship between a low level of emotional self-awareness and the emergence of personality disorders, as well as the relationship between the use of undeveloped and neurotic defense mechanisms and the emergence of personality disorders. Besides, it has shown that and the emergence of personality disorders can be explained based on the lack of emotional self-awareness, and defense mechanisms can be considered as mediating factors in this regard.

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Positive psychotherapy has some efficiencies in the treatment of depression but its effectiveness can be increased through technical and theoretical integration. The aim of the present study is to develop an integrative treatment model and comparing its effectiveness with positive psychotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy. The research design is quasi-experimental. The population consists of all individuals with major depression in the city of Mashhad. One hundred twenty participants with major depression were included in the present study. They were allocated in four groups of integrative positive psychotherapy, positive psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and control group. All participants responded to the dysfunctional attitudes scale (Beck & Weissman 1978), Beck Depression Inventory (1979), and Values In Action-Inventory of Strengths (Petrerson & Seligman 2004). The data were analyzed through covariance analysis. No significant difference was found between the three intervention groups in the post-test. However, all intervention groups demonstrated significant differences with the control group in the post-test.In follow-up, integrative positive psychotherapy demonstrated higher effectiveness in relapse prevention in comparison to other treatments. findings of the present study demonstrated that clinical application of some character strengths can improve the effectiveness of treatment in relapse prevention.

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The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of fluoro time play therapy and neurofeedback therapy along with computer cognitive exercises on impulsivity in children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. The present study is quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a group awaiting treatment. The statistical population included children aged 8 to 11 years with attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder in Neishabour. The sample size was 45 people who were selected by voluntary sampling method and were randomly divided into three groups of first and second experiment and control. parents answered the Hirschfield et al. (1965) Impulsivity Scale (IS) in the pre-test and post-test. the first experimental group underwent fluoro time play therapy intervention in 12 sessions and the second experimental group underwent neurofeedback therapy intervention in 30 sessions. The data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance. The results showed that Fluorithime therapy and neurofeedback therapy are effective on impulsivity in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (p <0.05). also, the results showed There was a difference between the effectiveness of fluoro time play therapy and neurofeedback therapy on impulsivity in children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (p <0.05). Therefore fluoro time play therapy and neurofeedback therapy along with computer cognitive exercises can help reduce the impulsivity of children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder.

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The aim of this research was a prediction of university students' aggression based on corona anxiety, cognitive empathy, and affective empathy.  In regard to the purpose, this research was applicable and in regard to procedure, it was a correlation study. The study community included all undergraduate students of the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili at 1399-1400 academic year with 18-22 age range that among them 287 students were selected as samples by cluster sampling. Research questionnaires included: Buss and Perry Aggression  Questionnaire (1992), Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (2020), and Baron-Cohen Empathy Scale. Data analysis was done by SPSS23 software with Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression methods. The results showed that corona anxiety, predicts aggression significantly and positively (P = 0.01, Beta = 0.57), and cognitive empathy (P= 0/05, Beta= 0/12) and emotional empathy (P= 0/01, Beta= 0/31) predict aggression negatively and meaningfully. A total of 0.59 of the variance of aggression is explained by corona anxiety, cognitive empathy, and emotional empathy. This study indicates the importance of the protecting role of corona anxiety for aggression and cognitive empathy and affective empathy for inhibition of aggression.

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Sports injuries are one of the common crises that have a significant impact on the quality of life of athletes. Athletes do not show the same psychological response to sports injuries, and these reactions are influenced by several factors. This study aimed to identify psychosocial facilitators in the rehabilitation of injured athletes. Statistical Society consisted of all athletes injured in sports activities in Tehran in 1399. 17 participants were selected using purposive sampling with maximum diversity. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using conventional content analysis. After conducting the interviews, 200 initial codes were extracted, and after studying the text, classes were identified by comparing the codes. Findings of this study showed that psychosocial facilitators in returning to the game included two categories of receiving psychosocial support and personality traits. The appropriate psychosocial support class had three subcategories, Including family support, team support, and contact with a psychologist. The next category of psychosocial facilitators in returning to the game was personality traits, which included five categories: self-efficacy, stability, self-compassion, acceptance, and positivity. The results of this study showed that a combination of personality, environmental and social factors related to the mind can facilitate the process of returning to the game. Recognition of these factors, which is appropriate to the social context and real experience of athletes, can be of great use to coaches, sports psychologists and the design of psychosocial rehabilitation packages for these individuals, that is, to help the rehabilitation and recovery process by strengthening facilitators.

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The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of online emotion regulation training on communication skills, social adjustment, and emotional wellbeing among adolescent girls of Gachsaran city. The research method was a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest with a control group. The statistical population included all Secondary school students in Gachsaran in the academic year 2020-2021. Using the purposive sampling method, 50 students were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Data collection tools included MonjemiZadeh Interpersonal Communication Skills Questionnaire (2012), Bell Social Adjustment Questionnaire (1961), and Keyes & Magyar-Moe’s subjective well-being (2002). Repeated measures analysis of variance were used to analyze the data. The results showed that online emotion regulation training has a significant effect on improving communication skills, social adjustment, and emotional well-being of adolescent girls, and its effects in the follow-up phase are also stable (P<0.01). Therefore, using this intervention to improve communication skills, social adjustment, and emotional well-being seems to be practical.

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Educational help-seeking serves as a learning strategy for enhancing students’ psychological and motivational abilities. The present research investigates the mediating role of motivational beliefs in relationship to self-directed learning with educational help-seeking in female high school students. The statistical population consisted of female high school students of Tehran, District 18, in the academic year 2021-2022. A number of 256 students were selected by the cluster sampling method who answered Self-Directed Learning - (SDLQ) (Fisher & et al., 2001), Motivational Beliefs - (MSLG) (Pintrich & De Groot 1990), and Educational Help-Seeking (Ryan & Pintrich, 1997) -(HSQ) questionnaires. The data were analyzed by the structural equation modeling method via Spss 22 and Lisrel 8/8 software. An acceptable fit of the data with the modified model was shown by the Fit indicator. The results showed that self-directed learning was able to directly predict educational help-seeking in female students (p<0/01). Indirect self-directed learning indirectly and openly through motivational beliefs was able to predict educational help-seeking in female students. The findings of this study present that self-directed strategies in learning and motivational beliefs can be concluded to be able to play a role in applying help-seeking skills to students. Moreover, paying attention to educational planning with the aim of promoting these strategies in order to comprehend and control learning, make the right decisions facing academic problems and progress students’ learning process is highly significant.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effective strategies of adolescents in dealing with grief caused by parental divorce.  This research is based on a qualitative approach and has described the subject in depth using a phenomenological design.  Participants in this study were 12 adolescent students aged 14-18 in the academic year 1399-1400 belonging to the provinces of Tehran, Isfahan, and Lorestan who were selected by the snowball method, and sampling was done based on the principle of saturation.  Data were collected during semi-structured interviews and analyzed using the Colaizzi method.  Finally, after analyzing the data, 5 main categories such as the central phenomenon of grief, causal factors in adjustment, grief consequences, adaptive mediators, and effective strategies in adjustment, and 14 sub-categories were concluded, which are discussed in detail in the research text.

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