Rooyesh-e- Ravanshenasi Journal(RRJ)

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For many  years scientists have tried hard and spent a lot of research budget  in order to show the effect of medicine on brain , in the other hand  our knowledge about  how the psychotherapy works is nearly nothing. by considering the fact that psychotherapy has deep impression on emotion ,behavior and cognition  it is expecting that it Influences the brains function and even its structure. nowdays by keeping distance of dualism , we confronting  the huge amount of research about the effect of psychotherapy on  brain. The National Institute of Mental Health in Research Domain Criteria  has shifted their priorities to find out the physiologic mechanism of pathology and treatment of illness and spending budget for the purpose. in the same race, Neuroscience has developed and due to its Interdisciplinary nation it can be a good connection in order to achieve the goals. in this paper , considering the fact of brains flexibility , we take a look on researches in this area and we are looking for an answer for this questions:1) is psychotherapy has any effect on  brains function and structure? 2) Are the psychotherapy and the medicine have the same effect on brain? 3) are the neurological and the physiological changes of psychotherapy can be an Objective tool in order to study the proceed  and the results?

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General health is important in social and personal performance of individuals. Students who have lower psychological well-being, are emotional and use physical control and emotion-focused problem solving. Also their time management is weak and have a negative perfectionism. This research has studied effectiveness of group counseling with transactional analysis approach in enhancing students' general health. That has been performed in the framework of quasi experiment with pre-post-test design of the control group. The students of Mohaghegh Arddabili university that participated in the call for group counseling and responded to the general health questionnaire, were the statistical society of research. , Two groups, include experimental and control group with ten member, were formed of those responded to general health questionnaire and their score were more than 21. The general Health Questionnaire was administered as pre-post test, before and after group counseling in both groups. Statistical analysis of the data collected was performed through the  independent t-test using the spss software. The results showed that using of group counseling with transactional analysis approach is effective in improving students' general health (p <0.5). Although students' Social interaction scores improved in experimental group, but this difference was not significant. The use of group counseling with transactional analysis approach is effective in improving students' general health. The used techniques were effective in reducing somatic symptoms, anxiety and depression. .

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In spite of all improvements in understanding of biological and neurological factors of addiction, it is still a general health problem which is followed by personal and social sufferings and imposes a huge burden on individual, family, and society. Addiction (behavior) is likely to begin in adolescence more than any other age group. Brain different developmental pathways including cortical and subcortical regions in adolescents are one of the factors which may result in risky behaviors such as addiction (behaviors) in this age group more than other age groups. Therefore, more studies in order to understand biological and neurological factors in adolescents addiction are necessary since they lead to preventive and therapeutic strategies. This article presents a review of biological models of addiction, brain developments in adolescence, and substance use impact on brain in order to integrate understandings of this age group addiction. Review on literature suggests that lack of balance between development pace of forefront cortical regions and subcortical reward regions is one of the factors which increases disposition to addiction. Also substance use in adolescents may in turn lead to brain changes which increase likelihood of addiction and substance abuse in next years.

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This paper presents an overview of the concepts, requirements, scope, objectives, techniques and principles of this area of psychodynamic therapy. Moreover, with further analysis and consideration of the impact and effectiveness of the fore-mentioned therapy on reduction of pain causing symptoms of Medical and psychiatric diseases, it also tries to expand the horizons of psychoanalysts and those interested in this new field of health care. Cases studied in this research are the following; Latest articles in this field, related books and analyzing the experiences of known therapists of this field. Despite the fact that intensive and short-term dynamic psychotherapy is somewhat of a newfound subject, it is deemed to be among the most effective psychotherapy methods, and since it is of Iranian origin and it also accentuates the importance of experience, excitements, originality of emotions and the primacy of emotion over thinking, it has many advocates here in our own country, and is rapidly expanding. This article, by reviewing the basic principles of psychodynamic therapy and concepts such as emotion, anxiety and defensive mechanism which is accepted by the majority of therapies, can be fruitful for all therapists. The ultimate goal of this paper is to clarify the path to interested therapists and specialists in this field. According to the originality of experience and its visibility in human relationships and life, person triangle and conflict triangle form the basis of this treatment, conflict triangle refers to internal factors, such as emotions and defense mechanism and person triangle refers to the context and interpersonal factors of the problem. The basis of the treatment takes place through the reconstruction of conflict triangle (process of emotion sequence, anxiety and defense mechanism) in the form of relationship triangle, especially patient-therapist relationship during therapy sessions. The patient's repressed feelings towards parents, in the context of therapy with awareness to experience therapist, will be analyzed and named. Experiencing the excitements leads to the neutralization of defense mechanisms and liberation from self-constituted sufferings. Self-constituted suffering is the result of a super-ego which is fueled by unconscious guilt, willingness to sacrifice and resistance of the individual. The basic difference of this therapy from traditional psychoanalysis is thwarting the transferable resistance, strengthening the therapeutic alliance, emphasis and pressure on experiencing instantaneous emotions and an additional focus on physical symptoms, in a way that it can be a combination of psychotherapy and behavioral therapy techniques with the objective of emotional desensitization. Skillfulness of therapists in this field can be summarized in making fine observations. Being close to emotional experiences should be seen at the moment of its occurrence and pointed out to the patient so that the therapeutic process shall be effective. Courage, boldness and mindfulness of the therapist is amongst the important factors that could make the process of treating patients, quick, accurate and persistent.

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Compassion is a new emerging construction which has increased the knowledge of mental health and interpersonal relationships. Generally compassion is a multidimentional construct including four key components: cognition, affection, being concerned, and motivation. This paper offers a comprehensive perspective on the role that compassion plays in social security by reviewing some of the essential tracts in the literature. On the role of inheritance and cultivation, being an adaptive trait, development of compassion through life stages and its relationship with attachment styles were discussed. Correlations between compassion, empathy and altruism, and its opposision with criminality and antisocial behaviors were specified based on research results. Finally blocks and resistances against being compassionate were briefly addressed.

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Autobiographical memory, or memory for personal experiences, allows individuals to define themselves and construct a meaningful life story. Current research aims to review the definition and theories of autobiographies memory and how it usually changes or abnormally in older adults. Base on studies, as we grow older autobiographical memory drops off, also semantic memory changes a little or sometimes doesn't change at all. How autobiographical memory changes in normal elders with neurological disease depends on the kind of disease and brains factor which effect on how these changes happen, the useful neurological factors and current explanation are expansively discussed.

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Earlier studies have demonstrated that a considerable amount of people in various societies struggle with emotional problems such as immune system disorders, depression, anxiety, personality disorders and interpersonal issues. This article aims to clarify the importance of emotions in daily life and the field of psychotherapy. Given the importance of experience authenticity and expression in relationships and individuals’ lives, the triangles of person and conflict form the basis of intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy (ISTDP). The triangle of conflict refers to the internal factors of problem such as emotion and defense while the triangle of person deals with the context and interpersonal factors. Restructuring of the triangle of conflict (the sequential course of emotion, anxiety and defense) within the triangle of person, particularly the patient-psychotherapist relationship during the therapeutic sessions, is the base of this therapy. This time, the patient’s repressed feelings to parents would consciously be experienced, processed and named in a therapeutic context and the process of experiencing emotions leads the defenses to be undone and the patients to be relieved from the self-made distress. The self-made distress is the result of a pathological conscience which is being fueled by the unconscious feeling of guilty of the patient and the tendency to victimhood and resistance. In this article, the effect mechanism of ISTDP in reducing the distressful symptoms of psychological and medical disorders are mentioned and it is attempted to broaden the horizons of psychologists and those interested in this new area of psychotherapy.

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Addiction is a chronic and recurrent disease, which has always been the focus of various psychological perspectives. Psychoanalysis theories are fundamental in the modern treatment of addiction. As we have seen changes in the structure and process of methods during the time, they have changed in defining the concept of addiction. According to classic theories, addiction is an equivalent to masturbation and a defense mechanism against anxiety impulses or pretension of oral regression (dependency). Also, from object relations theorists’ perspective, drugs are significant objects for the addicted person. New formulations of psychoanalysis are also introduced using drugs as a reflection of the defects of ego function. The research method is a review, and it aims to analyze addiction from different psychoanalysis perspectives such as classical psychoanalysis, object relations psychology, relational psychoanalysis, and short term psychodynamic psychotherapy. According to research about personality disorders in drug abusers, these individuals need unique treatment like psychoanalytic psychotherapy, which works on personality structures. However, investigations about this field of therapy are limited. Not paying attention to this issue can be a reason of attempts' failures about the treatment of drug abuse. Therefore, it can be said that addiction research literature needs to increase the application and analysis of this therapeutic approach. It is also hoped that in addiction treatment centers, better and more new findings will be used to help this population.

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The research aimed to validate the Iranian version of the mood rhythm. The statistical population was all the students of Urmia University in 2022. The sample size in the present study was 340 people and they were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. In this way, 10 faculties were randomly selected among the faculties of Urmia universities. Then, 34 students were randomly selected from each faculty and completed the Revised Mood Rhythm Instrument (MRhI; De Oliveira et al., 2021 The analysis method of this research was factor analysis. Investigating construct validity using confirmatory factor analysis showed that the scale has a three-factor structure including cognitive, physical, and emotional. It has favorable fit indices (CFI=0.926, GFI=0.919, RMSEA=0.061, p < 0.001) for reliability using Koder Richardson's method for physical factor 0.79, cognitive factor 0.76, the emotional factor was 0.73 and the total number of questions was 0.82 (p < 0.001), which indicates the acceptable reliability of the mood rhythm instrument. Based on the findings of this research, it can be concluded that this instrument has adequate validity and reliability in Iranian society and can be used to measure and screen circadian cycle disorders and for research and treatment purposes.