Rooyesh-e- Ravanshenasi Journal(RRJ)

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Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy involves, components of Beck cognitive therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy provided by Kabat-Zinn and in a therapy group to work with persons with a history of depression and thus vulnerable period later developed.This training of people to broaden their perspective to see maladaptive thoughts, ruminations thought processes and cognitive impairment that exist.so  be able to change perfectly or to reorient them.In addition, some aspects of cognitive behavioral therapyfor depression also encompasses that applicable for a maximum of 12 participants, This approach was built for the prevention of recurrence in patients suffering from depression at the recovery period relative. Nevertheless researches have confirmed its effectiveness in other disorders such as eating disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder, dysthymia and anxiety disorders. In general, the the human mind with two methods communicate with the world. Being mode and another doing mode.In being mode the emphasis is on accepting and would not attempt to change ways, in the mode required to achieve the objectives, specific standards evaluating what is not there.In this mode there is not requiring to achieve the targets and specific evaluating standards as it is existing.Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) is an eight-week group-based is designed with the structure and process of MBSR program. It formed the core of meditation exercises. In mindfulness techniques and exercise such as eating raisins,body scanning, sitting meditation, yoga, meditation, walking used, as well as informal mindfulness exercises in daily life.

    Therefore, in this article described specific techniques and exercises in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) is in the form of meetings and their contents.It also expressing the fundamental assumption that the mind has two extensive modes being and doing mode

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Abstract

 Divorce and its effects on the family system in recent years increasingly been the focus of psychological research, in line to the researches, this research was done to evaluate effectiveness of metacognitive therapy on maladaptive schemas among divorced women. The method of research was quasi- experimental design, with pretest-posttest and control group. For sampling 30 women who referred to counselling centers in Ardabil city were selected and assigned randomly in two groups (each them 15 people). In pretest we presented YSQ-SF questionnaire and after we performed protocol of metacognitive therapy in 8 session on experiment group and finally posttest was done on two groups. We used of covariance analysis methods for analyzing data. The results of research showed that there is significantly different between control and experiment groups. It could be explained that metacognitive therapy effects on maladaptive schemas among divorced women and it also can enhance mental health in this crust of society.

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The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT( on the body image in men with overweight and obesity. This study employed a semi-experimental study design with pretest and posttest and the control group, in which of the effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT( techniques to improve body image in men with overweight and obesity men aged 18 to 40 years who referred to  nutrition and weight-loss clinic in the 94-93 year in Tehran in،was stood. In this study, the convenience sampling method was used based on purpose. So that among the men who had the criteria of an entrance to the study, 30 people with the score of 46 to 170(bad and average)on body image questionnaire MBSRQ selected and randomly divided into two groups (each group, n = 16), were counted. People who are in the experimental group participated in 8 sessions each was 2 hours once a week, the control group did not receive any treatment. After the surgery, post-test was performed on both groups. The results of the analysis of covariance indicate the effectiveness of Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) on body image is effective (p <0/05). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT( can improve body image in men with overweight and obesity.

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A growing body of theoretical and empirical literature on stress has established a good basis for conceptualizing headache as a psychophysiological disorder and led to the application of different contemporary therapies for headache. The present clinical trial intervention aimed to compare the effectiveness of progressive muscle relaxation and stress management training techniques in relieving headache among patients with chronic tension headache. The statistical population comprised patients with chronic tension headache referring to neurology and psychiatry clinics in Kashan, Iran. The sample included 55 women with chronic tension headache who were randomly selected and assigned to three groups including a drug therapy group receiving progressive muscle relaxation, another drug therapy group receiving stress management training, and one control group receiving only drug therapy. The participants recorded their headache diaries one week before and after the intervention. Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was run in SPSS to analyze the data. The ANCOVA results with controlling the pre-test effect showed that there is a statistically significant difference between drug therapy groups receiving progressive muscle relaxation and stress management training, in one hand, and the only drug therapy group in terms of the frequency, intensity, and duration of the patients’ headache. In addition, the stress management training technique was found to be more effective than the progressive muscle relaxation technique. Hence, it is highly suggested that these psychological therapies be added to drug therapy programs for patients with chronic tension headache disorder.

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Mindfulness is a form of meditation rooted in the teachings of Eastern religious and particularly Buddhism. And in simple language it means being aware of your thoughts, behavior, emotions and special form of attention. Therapy based on mindfulness and acceptance as a cognitive-behavioral therapy known as the third wave. This therapy, mindfulness fundamental (basic) as the goal of treatment is integrates with the exercises such as stopping conscious thinking Viewing non-judgmental person's own thoughts. Mindfulness as "particular attention the target, now and without judgment" is defined. Through purposefully and non-judgmental attention and a particular way to the moment and the current situation arises this definition has three components of mindfulness. In an effort to express the components of mindfulness as simple and understandable structures, the fundamental components of mindfulness include purpose or intention, attention and attitude is extracted. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy is effective for reducing depression, anxiety, dysfunctional attitudes and thoughts. The results also suggest that this approach could be effective to prevent depression and anxiety. Therefore above article while described how the creation and evolution of this therapy been paid and will be described basic goals, define therapeutic components, different communication approaches to experience the theoretical foundations of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy is used in (MBCT).

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on reducing suicidal thoughts and increasing self-compassion in students. This study was a quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test with the control group. All the male and female students of Payam-e-Noor University of Kermanshah who were studying in the first semester of the academic year 2018-2019 constituted the statistical population of this study. Twenty-four subjects with high scores on suicidal ideation and low scores on compassion were selected from the study population and then randomly assigned into two groups of 12. In the pre-test, the Beck Suicide Thought Questionnaire (1979) and Nef et al. (2009) Self-Compassion Questionnaire were completed in both groups and after the experiment, both groups completed the corresponding questionnaires again. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy was administered to the experimental group during 8 sessions of 2 hours weekly. The control group received no treatment in this study. Finally, the data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance. The results showed that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy was effective in decreasing suicidal thoughts and increasing students' self-compassion (P<0.01). According to the research findings, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy is an effective way to prevent suicide and enhance compassion in students.

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The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy with mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, on self-control and emotional flexibility in women with compulsive buying. The method of the present study was Semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of the study was all women aged 20-45 years in Rasht in the first half of 2020 that 45 people were identified through random sampling through screening (15 people acceptance and commitment therapy; 15 people mind-based cognitive therapy Awareness and 15 controls). Each experimental group received 8 training sessions of 90 minutes of therapeutic intervention. Data collection tools included the Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Scale (Faber & O'guinn, 1992), the Self-Control Scale Tangney, Baumeister & Boone (2004), and the Emotional Flexibility Questionnaire (Taghizadeh and Mohebipour, 2017). The collected data were analyzed by analysis of covariance and El-Matrix post hoc test. According to the research findings, both treatments had a significant effect on improving self-control and emotional resilience in women with obsessive-compulsive disorder (P<0.01). Also, the results of the post hoc test showed that the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on the variables of emotional flexibility (all components) (P<0.024) and self-control (P<0.025) was greater than cognitive therapy based on mindfulness. The results emphasize the importance of using both therapies to improve self-control and emotional resilience in women with obsessive-compulsive disorder by psychotherapists.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on experiential avoidance and death anxiety in elderly women. The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test post-test design and control group. The population of this study consisted of all elderly women who were residing in Amin Islam nursing home of Mahabad in the winter of 2020. 30 participants entered the research by convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned into an experimental group (15 people) and a control group (15 people). The experimental group received mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for eight 90-minutes sessions and the control group was placed on the waiting list for 2 months. Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (Bond et al., 2011) and Death Anxiety scale (Templer, 1970) was administered in order to collect data. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. results showed that by controlling the effect of pre-test, there was a significant difference between the mean of post-test scores of the experimental and control groups in experiential avoidance and death anxiety. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that counselors, psychologists, and psychotherapists use mindfulness-based cognitive therapy as an effective intervention to reduce experiential avoidance and death anxiety in the elderly population.

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This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of cognitive- existential and mind- based cognitive- existential therapy on the fear of cancer recurrence and its components in women with breast cancer. The method of the present study is quasi-experimental and pretest-posttest with a control group. The statistical population of this study included all women with breast cancer referred to Dezful Cancer Treatment Center who were selected by the available sampling method. according to the inclusion criteria, 45 people were selected as a sample and randomly divided into three groups existential-cognitive group therapy, mindfulness-based existential-cognitive group therapy, and a control group was assigned. Used to collect data Demoralization Scale (Kissane et al., 2004) and Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale (Gard et al.,  2006). The results of the multivariate analysis of covariance showed that there was a statistically significant difference between demoralization and pleasure experience in the experimental and control groups (P<0.001). Also, the results of the Bonferroni test showed that mindfulness–
based existential-cognitive therapy further reduces the Demoralization in breast cancer survivors and increases the experience of pleasure in these people (P<0.001). As a result, by adding mindfulness exercises to existential-cognitive therapy, Demoralization can be further reduced and the  Experience of Pleasure can be increased.

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The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of compassionate mind group training and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy group training on anger management in female adolescents. In terms of purpose, the present study is a part of applied research and in terms of method, it is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design and control group. The research population consisted of all 10th and 11th-grade female high school students in Karaj from 1300-to 1400, from which 45 people were selected as a sample. The tools of the present study included the Novaco Anger Control Questionnaire (AI) (1994). The compassionate mind group training intervention was performed during 8 sessions of 1.5 hours and the cognitive therapy group training intervention based on mindfulness was performed during 10 sessions of 1.5 hours, But the control group did not receive any intervention. The research data were analyzed by mixed analysis of variance (repeated measures). Findings showed that group training of compassionate mind and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy is effective in controlling adolescent anger (P <0.05). The results also showed that there was no difference between the effectiveness of two interventions of compassionate mind group training and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy group training in anger control (p <0.05). It can be concluded that group training in compassionate mind and group training in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy is effective in controlling the anger of female adolescents.

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The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the cognitive intervention on the Relapse of addiction and general health of drug addicts referred to the 60th Congress in Tehran. The research design was quasi-experimental and pre-test-post-test with a control group. The study's statistical population included all male substance abuse patients referred to the 60th Congress of Tehran in 2020. From the above community, 30 people were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The experimental group received cognitive intervention training in eight sessions of 90 minutes (one session per week), during which time the control group did not receive any intervention. Research instruments included the Prediction Return Scale (PRC) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance. The results showed that cognitive intervention significantly affected the recurrence of addiction and the general health of drug addicts (p<0.05). Therefore, cognitive intervention is an effective way to reduce the Relapse of addiction and increase the public health of people addicted to the 60th Congress.

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This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy training on irrational beliefs and parent-child relationships in parents uncompromising divorce applicants. The research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The statistical population included all couples uncompromising divorce who were referred to counseling centers in Mashhad in the second half of 2021. The research sample consisted of 40 people who were selected by the available sampling method and randomly assigned to two groups of 20 experimental and control. Data collection tools included the child-Parent Relationship Scale (CPRS, Pianta, 1992) and the Irrational Beliefs Test - Ahvaz (4IBT-A, Ebadi and Motamedin, 2005). For the experimental group, eight 90-minute sessions were provided with one week of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy training. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance using SPSS software version 22. Findings showed that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy training on reducing irrational beliefs and improving parent-child relationships in parents' uncompromising divorce Undefined had an effect (P<0.01). Based on these findings, it can be concluded that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy training is effective in reducing irrational beliefs and improving the parent-child relationship in parents' uncompromising divorce.

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The aim of this research was to compare the effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) with and without Transcranial direct-current Stimulation(tDCS) on pain severity, quality of life, and their subcomponents in fibromyalgia patients. In regard to the purpose, this research was applicable and in regard to procedure, it was a semi-experimental pretest-posttest with two experimental and one Sham group. 36 people were selected by the available sampling method from Fibromyalgia patients in Tehran during 1399 using entrance criteria such as Fibromyalgia recognition by a Rheumatologist, age between 30-55 years old, and 6 months of pain duration and randomly classified into three MBCT, MBCT with tDCS and sham group. The members of these groups were asked to complete the 36 Item Short Form Questionnaire (SF-36) and Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ) before and after the intervention. Multivariate Covariance analysis showed that in terms of pain severity variable components, both treatments were effective in comparison with the Sham group, Also the MBCT with tDCS was significantly more effective than MBCT. In terms of Quality of Life components, a significant difference between MBCT and Sham groups was seen just in Emotional well-being, Social functioning, pain, and general health. Also, the MBCT with tDCS method was significantly more effective than the MBCT group in Emotional well-being, pain, and general health (P<0.05). Based on the results of this paper, Adding Transcranial direct-current Stimulation treatment to Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy has a significant effect on pain severity among Fibromyalgia patients. Also, this effect is significant on some quality of life components.

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The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of cognitive therapy based on mindfulness on corona anxiety, parent-child relationship, and developmental functioning family. The research method of the present study was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population was mothers with corona anxiety in Mashhad in 2022, among whom 30 were selected by convenience sampling and randomly placed in experimental and control groups. The research tools were: developmental functioning family questionnaire (DFFAQ; Ali et al., 2014), Child-Parent Relationship Scale (CPRS; Pianta, 1994), Corona Anxiety Scale (CDAS; Alipour et al., 2019). Cognitive therapy based on mindfulness was implemented in 8 sessions for 90 minutes and once a week for the experimental group. To analyze the data, a multivariate analysis of covariance was used. The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed that controlling the pre-test effect showed a significant difference between the two experimental and control groups regarding corona anxiety, parent-child relationship, and developmental functioning family (p < 0.05). Based on the findings, cognitive therapy based on mindfulness was effective on corona anxiety, parent-child relationships, and developmental functioning family in mothers.

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The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of metacognitive therapy in reducing psychological distress and alexithymia in patients with functional dyspepsia. This research was a semi-experimental type with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group with a two-month follow-up period. The statistical population included all patients with functional dyspepsia referred to Shariati Hospital in the period of 2020-2021. The statistical sample included 30 of these patients who were selected purposefully. Then, 15 people were randomly assigned to each of the experimental and control groups. The intervention group received Wells's (2004) metacognitive therapy, 8 sessions of 45 minutes, and the control group was placed on the waiting list. Data were collected using psychological distress questionnaire (DASS-21) and Toronto alexithymia (TAS 20) (1994). The research data was analyzed by variance analysis with repeated measurements. The results showed that psychological distress scores generally decreased from the pre-test to the post-test and follow-up; Also, the difference between the pre-test and post-test stage (p>0.05, d=-8.79) and follow-up pre-test (p>0.05, d=-10.6) is significant. In the alexithymia variable, the difference between the pre-test and post-test stage (p<0.05, d=8.89) and the follow-up pre-test (p<0.05, d=13.7) is significant. It shows the effect of research intervention in reducing psychological distress and alexithymia, it can be concluded that this intervention has been effective in reducing distress and alexithymia in patients with functional dyspepsia.

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The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of metacognitive therapy and behavioral activation therapy on guilt in women with dysthymic disorder. The current research was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design and control and with follow-up groups. The statistical population of this research included all women with dysthymic disorder who were referred to psychological clinics located in the 8th district of Tehran in 1400, and 45 people were selected in a purposeful way and randomly assigned to two experimental groups, and one control group. The instrument of this research was Kugler and Jon's Guilt Questionnaire (1992) (CJGFQ). For the first experimental group, metacognitive therapy (Wells, 2009), and for the second experimental group behavioral activation therapy (Dimidjian et al., 2008) was held in 8 90-minute sessions twice a week. The data were analyzed using mixed variance analysis. The results of the Varbans analysis showed that there is a significant difference between the groups in the post-test and follow-up of guilt and its components (p>0.05). The results showed that both interventions were effective in guilt and its components, but the behavior activation intervention showed more effectiveness, and a significant difference was observed between the two treatments (p>0.05). Based on the results of this study, it can be said that due to the greater effect of behavioral activation therapy on reducing guilt, alone or with complementary treatment, it can be effective in reducing guilt caused by depression in women with dysthymic disorder.