Rooyesh-e- Ravanshenasi Journal(RRJ)

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The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between attachment style, rumination and defense mechanisms in women with obsessive beliefs. This research is descriptive and correlational. The study population consisted of all women in Tehran Using multi-stage cluster sampling, 300 of them were selected And each attachment style questionnaire, rumination, defense mechanisms and obsessive beliefs were completed. The results showed that secure attachment style negative correlation with obsessive beliefs As well as between insecure attachment styles anxiety, rumination and immature defense mechanisms of neurotic and there is a significant positive correlation with obsessive beliefs. And that secure attachment and insecure attachment styles anxiety, rumination and immature defense mechanisms and neuroticism can predict with obsessive beliefs. So we can safely conclude that Drvnkary models and insecure attachment relationships within Neonate mother are formed through the establishment of unsafe models can provide ground for the emergence and persistence of vulnerabilities. Thereby reducing the use of rumination and immature style and neuroticism is an important step toward improving mental health.

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Abstract

The purpose of this research was to determine role of defense styles & defense mechanisms in Prediction of features of borderline personality in students. In this descriptive correlation study, 378 students (181 men & 197 women) from the statistical population of students from all sections of Arak University during 2015 (1393-94.s.c.) were selected through cluster random sampling method and filled in the questionnaire of style defense and Borderline Personality Scale. Data analysis was performed using correlation, regression analysis and analysis of variance. The results indicated that five defenses (acting out, autistic fantasy, splitting, passive aggression and displacement) could predict features of borderline personality. In general, it can be concluded that immature defenses predicted higher levels of features of borderline personality.

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The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of defense mechanisms in the relationship between personality disorders and emotional self-awareness. The Study design was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population included all people with each of the personality disorders, who referred to the psychotherapy and counseling office of the first author of the article in Tehran province in 2019 & 2020, that a sample of 200 people was selected, by using the convenient sampling method, and they responded to the Millon Multiaxial Inventory-III (1994), the Emotional Self-Awareness Questionnaire by Grant et al., (2002) and the Defense Styles of Andrews et al. (1993). The correlation coefficients of research variables with the total score of personality disorders showed that emotional self-awareness is significantly negatively correlated with the overall score of personality disorder, and underdeveloped and neurotic defense mechanisms are significantly positively correlated with it. Also, the developed defense mechanisms are significantly mediating the relationship between personality disorders and emotional self-awareness, including schizoid, schizotypal, histrionic, borderline, narcissistic, dependent, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, and the category of another personality disorders, and have a positive relationship with emotional self-awareness and a negative relationship with personality disorders. In other words, the less use of developed defense mechanisms leads to lower emotional self-awareness and greater grounds for the emergence of these personality disorders. The mediating role of neurotic defense mechanisms was significant in the two schizotypal and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders, and this defensive style had a positive relationship with personality disorder and a negative one with emotional self-awareness. The present study showed the relationship between a low level of emotional self-awareness and the emergence of personality disorders, as well as the relationship between the use of undeveloped and neurotic defense mechanisms and the emergence of personality disorders. Besides, it has shown that and the emergence of personality disorders can be explained based on the lack of emotional self-awareness, and defense mechanisms can be considered as mediating factors in this regard.

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Theoretical foundations and conducted studies are indicative of the effect of physiological factors on the incidence and exacerbation of migraine. Identification of these factors can play a major role in the treatment and prognosis of this disease. Therefore, the present study aims to predict the severity of migraine headaches based on anxiety, defense mechanism, and self-compassion. To this end, a total of 200 patients with migraine headaches visiting neurology clinics in Shiraz were selected using purposeful sampling. The patients were then asked to fill out the Spielberg State-Trait questionnaire(1970), Najjarian Migraine Symptom Severity questionnaire(1997), and Bond Defense style questionnaire (1983), and  Neff Self-Compassion scale(2003). The results of correlation and step by step regression analysis showed that there was a relationship between anxiety, defense styles, and self-compassion with the severity of migraine headaches(P<0/01). The results also showed that anxiety, defense styles, and self-compassion predicted 0/19, 0/14, and 0/16 of severe migraine headaches.

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The purpose of this study was a comparison of the effectiveness of group therapy of paradoxical timetable and cognitive behavioral therapy on defense mechanisms and symptoms of individuals with social anxiety disorder. The population of the present study consisted of individuals diagnosed with social anxiety disorder in Tehran and Gorgan that of these, 45 were selected by available sampling method and were assigned into one control group and two experimental groups. The instruments used in the study included the Defense Style Questionnaire (1993) and Social Phobia Inventory (2000). Analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. The results showed that there is no significant difference between paradoxical timetable treatment and cognitive-behavioral therapy in terms of defense mechanisms and social anxiety symptoms scores in the post-test and follow-up stages (p> 0.05). Based on the results of this study, it can be said that the treatment of paradoxical timetable and cognitive-behavioral has reduced defense mechanisms and symptoms in individuals with social anxiety disorder.  

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The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between personality traits Temperament and Character with the professional ethics of hospital staff with the mediating role of defense mechanisms. The method of research was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population consisted of all 214 employees of Al-Jalil Hospital in Aq Qala in 2022. According to the target population, 214 people were selected by the whole number method. In this study, the Professional Ethics Questionnaire (PEQ) of Armito (2012), the Defense Mechanisms Questionnaire (DSQ) of Anders  (1993), and the personality traits of Temperament and Character Questionnaire (TCI) of Cloninger (1994) were used. Data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation method and path analysis with SPSS 18 and Amos 23 software. There is a significant negative correlation between underdeveloped mechanisms and psychosocial mechanisms with professional ethics (P<0.01). There is a significant positive correlation between the developed mechanisms, temperament, and character with professional ethics (P<0.01). Psychological defense mechanisms also mediate the relationship between personality traits of Temperament and Character with professional ethics (P<0.01). The research model had a good fit and also, and the value of the general explanation coefficient in direct and indirect paths by personality traits of Temperament and Character and psychological defense mechanisms on professional ethics was equal to R²=0.51. In general, by increasing the personality traits of Temperament and Character, we can see the optimal use of adaptive defense mechanisms in different situations, which can increase the likelihood of behaviors based on professional ethics in hospital staff.

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The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of online intensive short-term psychotherapy (ISTDP) and existential therapy on the defense mechanisms of psychiatric patients in the counseling center of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran. This research was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest and a two-month follow-up with a control group design. The statistical population of the present study included all psychiatric patients who were referred to the counseling and psychology centers of this hospital in 2021. A total of 45 people who met the inclusion criteria were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to three groups dynamic psychotherapy, presence therapy, and control. The research instrument included Anders et al.'s (1993) Defense Styles Questionnaire (DSQ-40), which was completed by all three groups in three stages, pretest-posttest, and two-month follow-up. Psychodynamic and existential therapy protocols were also performed in the experimental groups. Data were analyzed using repeated measures and multivariate analysis of variance using SPSS_V19 software. The results of the analysis of variance of repeated measurements showed that there is a significant difference between the groups in defense mechanisms (P<0.01) and online psychodynamic therapy compared to existential therapy improved the developed defense mechanisms and immature defense mechanisms and disturbed defense mechanisms. Finally, based on the results of this research, it can be said that short-term online psychodynamic therapy is more effective than existential therapy on defense mechanisms, and therefore introducing this model to counselors, psychologists, therapists, researchers, and other specialists is so helpful undoubtedly.

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The purpose of the present study was to Predict the Symptoms of Body Dysmorphic Disorder based on the amount of use of Social Networks and defense mechanisms in the Clients of Cosmetic Surgery Centers. The research was done by the descriptive-correlation method. The statistical population of the research included those who were referred to cosmetic surgery centers in Tehran in 2021-2022. From this society, 120 people were selected as the research sample by cluster sampling. The research tools included Stozin et al.'s (1998) deformity concern questionnaire (DCQ), Karimian et al.'s social networking questionnaire (2018), and Andrews et al.'s (1993) defensive style questionnaire (DSQ). Pearson's correlation test and multiple regression test were used for data analysis. The results showed that the use of social networks (P = 0.02 and β = 0.22) and two defense styles: immature (P = 0.05 and β = 0.21) and neurotic (0.01) P and β=0.29) are predictors of body deformity, but the mature style was not a significant predictor for body deformity (P=0.54 and β=0.06). Also, the predictor variables of the research were able to predict 7% of the variance of the criterion variable in clients to cosmetic surgery centers. The result of the present study shows that paying attention to defense mechanisms and the use of virtual social networks by psychologists can help to explain body dysmorphic in those who refer to cosmetic surgery centers.

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The aim of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of underdeveloped defense mechanisms in relation to childhood injuries and self-destructive characteristics. The present research method was descriptive-correlation and the statistical population included people aged 18 to 35 in Tehran in 1401. Among them, 253 people were selected as a sample in an accessible way. To collect data from the Self-Injury Questionnaire (SHI) by Sanson, Wiederman, and Sanson (1998), the Child Abuse Self-Report Questionnaire (CASRS) by Mohammadkhani et al. (2003), and the Defense Styles Questionnaire (DSQ-40) by Anders and his colleagues. (1993) was used. The data were analyzed by structural equation analysis. The findings showed that there is a direct and significant relationship between childhood injuries and self-destructive characteristics (p<0.01). Also, there was a direct and significant relationship between childhood injuries and underdeveloped defense mechanisms and between underdeveloped defense mechanisms and self-destructive characteristics. (p<0.01).. In addition, based on the model test, underdeveloped defense mechanisms play a mediating role in the relationship between childhood trauma and self-destructive characteristics (p<0.01). Also, the research model had a favorable fit. Based on the above findings, it can be concluded that underdeveloped defense mechanisms play a mediating role in the relationship between childhood injuries and self-destructive characteristics.

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The present study was conducted to predict body image concerns based on rejection sensitivity, defense mechanisms, and sexual self-esteem in people referring to Zanjan gyms. The study was of a descriptive-correlation type. The statistical population was all men referring to Zanjan city gyms in 2023. From this community, 384 people were selected based on Cochran's formula. Research data collection tools: Body Image Concern Questionnaire (BICQ) by Littleton et al. (2005), Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire (RSQ) by Downey and Feldman (1996), Defense Mechanisms Questionnaire (DMQ) by Andrews et al. (1993) and Sexual Self-Esteem Questionnaire (SSEQ) was Basel and Rostahl (1996). Multivariate regression was used to analyze the data. The results showed that rejection sensitivity, defense mechanisms, and sexual self-esteem could explain 24% of men's body image concern variance in three steps (p<0.05). According to the findings, interventions can be designed and implemented to improve rejection sensitivity, defense mechanisms, and sexual self-esteem to reduce body image concerns in men.