Rooyesh-e- Ravanshenasi Journal(RRJ)

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The goal of the present study was investigation of the cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) in reduction of the anger and anger rumination. The method of research of was pseudo experimental and the design of research was pretest and posttest with two groups. The statistical population was Ardabil’s prisoners that suffered by anger control disorder. The method of research was available. The sample size was 26 persons that were placed in two control and experimental groups, subjects in experimental group were received 12 session of CBT, but other group was not received, the subjects completed the Spielberger trait-state questionnaire and anger rumination scale as pretest and posttest. The raw date was analyzed by multiple of variance. Results showed that inner and outer anger in the experiment group in comparison of the control group were significantly reduced and the control of the anger was developed. This result was correct about anger rumination too.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between attachment style, rumination and defense mechanisms in women with obsessive beliefs. This research is descriptive and correlational. The study population consisted of all women in Tehran Using multi-stage cluster sampling, 300 of them were selected And each attachment style questionnaire, rumination, defense mechanisms and obsessive beliefs were completed. The results showed that secure attachment style negative correlation with obsessive beliefs As well as between insecure attachment styles anxiety, rumination and immature defense mechanisms of neurotic and there is a significant positive correlation with obsessive beliefs. And that secure attachment and insecure attachment styles anxiety, rumination and immature defense mechanisms and neuroticism can predict with obsessive beliefs. So we can safely conclude that Drvnkary models and insecure attachment relationships within Neonate mother are formed through the establishment of unsafe models can provide ground for the emergence and persistence of vulnerabilities. Thereby reducing the use of rumination and immature style and neuroticism is an important step toward improving mental health.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of yoga-based mindfulness in reducing anxious women's rumination. The present method was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design,  with a control group. In this research, the statistical population included all women who referred to sports clubs in Kermanshah for enrollment in yoga classes. After completing the Beck anxiety inventory and rumination responses by eligible women in the study company based on entry and exit criteria, 30 were selected and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group consisted of 16 sessions of 75 minutes (weekly 2 sessions) under yoga exercises. The data were collected by Beck Anxiety Inventory (1999) and Nolen-Hoeksema (1991) rumination responses questionnaire. Data was analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistical methods using SPSS-23 software. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups in rumination. According to the results, it can be said that yoga is an effective approach to reducing rumination.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of compassion-focused group therapy on rumination and loneliness in women with premenstrual syndrome. The research method was semi-experimental with pretest-posttest and control group design. The research population consisted of all women referred to a maternity ward of Mashhad during the first six months of the year 2018. 115 cases were selected by sampling. They were assigned to Staner's Premenstrual Screening Questionnaire (2003). Thirty women who were diagnosed with premenstrual syndrome disorder were selected based on this questionnaire and were randomly assigned to the same experimental and control groups. Participants in the experimental group received a program focused on compassion in eight 90-minute sessions (one week's session); the control group was placed on the waiting list. Data collection was done by Nulen-Hauksima and colleagues (1991), and social and emotional loneliness of adults (Diltomaso & et al., 2004). To analyze the data, multivariate analysis of covariance analysis was used. The findings of this study showed that by controlling the effect of pre-test, there was a significant difference between the mean post-test scores of the experimental and control groups in ruminant variables, loneliness and its components: romantic loneliness, family loneliness, and loneliness has it. The results show that the use of compassionate therapy techniques is effective in reducing the symptoms of rumination and loneliness in women with premenstrual syndrome.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between rumination and difficulty of emotion regulation with self-harm behaviors in students. The present research was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population of the research consisted of all high school male and female students in Tehran during the academic year of 1397-98 that were 224400 people. The sample size was determined 380 people by Krejcie & Morgan table and selected by multistage cluster sampling. Data were collected by the Self-Harm Inventory Sansone, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale Gratz & Roemer and the Ruminative Response Scale Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow. Data were analyzed by the pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. The results showed that there was a significant positive relationship between the dimensions of the difficulty of emotional regulation, such as the non-acceptance of emotional responses, the difficulties engaging in goal-directed behaviors, Impulse control difficulties, lack of emotional awareness and limited access to emotional regulation strategies with self-harm behaviors. There is also a significant positive relationship between rumination and self-harm behaviors. Regression prediction of self-harm behaviors based on rumination and difficulty of emotional regulation was significant. Among the difficulty dimensions of emotion regulation, the lack of acceptance of emotional responses, the difficulty in controlling impulse and limited access to emotional regulation strategies, positively and significantly predict self-harming behaviors. Also, rumination positively and significant predict self-harm behaviors.

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The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of self-compassion training program on psychological well-being and rumination of the mothers of children with special learning disabilities. Thirty Mothers of children with special learning disabilities were selected and divided into two groups. Psychological well-being questionnaire and rumination questionnaire were conducted as the pre-test. Then, the mothers of the experimental group attended in the self-compassion training program for eight sessions. The same survey was used as post-test on both groups. These values were compared through covariance analysis. The results showed a significant increase in psychological well-being and reduction in rumination of the mothers of the experimental group compared with the control group. Thus, the effectiveness of self-compassion training program on mental well-being and rumination of the mothers of children with special learning disabilities was confirmed.

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Sleep plays an important role in physical and psychological health. Although some studies have explored the relationship between sleep and psychological problems, few studies have examined the role of rumination in insomnia. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between psychological distress and insomnia by considering the mediating role of rumination. This study was descriptive with a correlational design. 246 undergraduate students (145 female & 101 male) were selected by the Multi-stage cluster sampling method from the University of Kashan. The respondents filled in Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) Lovibond & Lovibond Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS), Nolen-Hoeksema Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS) & demographic questions. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and structural equation modeling. Results showed that psychological distress can directly and significantly predict insomnia, and mind rumination has a mediation role in the relationship between psychological distress and insomnia. The predictive variables explained 14% of the variance in insomnia. Depression, anxiety, and stress can directly and indirectly – via mind rumination – cause insomnia. The findings imply that designing and implementing programs to decrease psychological distress with special attention to mind rumination could play a significant role in reducing insomnia and be considered as a supplementary psychological treatment for it.

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The purpose of this study was a comparison of the effectiveness of paradoxical timetable and cognitive behavioral therapy on concern and rumination of individuals with social anxiety disorder. The population of the present study consisted of individuals diagnosed with social anxiety disorder in Tehran and Gorgan that of these, 45 were selected by available sampling method and were replaced in one control group and two experimental groups. The instruments used in the study included the Penn State Concern Questionnaire (Zeinberg & Barlow, 1990) and the Ruminant Response Scale (Nolen, 1989). Analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the mean of worry and rumination in the paradox timetable and cognitive-behavioral therapy group compared to the control group. Also, despite the paradoxical timetable relative superiority over cognitive-behavioral therapy, there was no significant difference in worry and rumination scores in the post-test and follow-up stages (p> 0.05). Based on the results of this study, it can be said that the treatment of paradoxical timetables and cognitive-behavioral has reduced the symptoms of worry and rumination in individuals with social anxiety disorder.   

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Rumination, as a maladaptive cognitive strategy, is effective in various disorders such as depression. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of rumination as a mediator in the relationship between anxious and avoidant insecure attachment with depression. In the study, 120 people with depressive disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and anxiety were selected Purposefully from Mehr Hospital. The respondents answered the Rumination Response Scale (Nolen-Hoeksema, & Morrow, 1991), Beck Depression Inventory (Beck et al., 1961), and the Experiences in Close Relationship Questionnaire (Brennan et al., 1998). Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling. The results showed that rumination significantly mediated the relationship between anxious attachment and depression. In this study, the relationship between rumination and avoidant attachment was not confirmed. Based on the results of the study, anxious attachment style can play a role in the formation of depression by affecting the amount of rumination.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of anger rumination in the relationship between self-esteem and aggression with controlling the role of narcissism. 285 students selected from the University of Kharazmi, University of Isfahan, and the University of Shahreza were by convenience sampling method. the participants answered the self-esteem questionnaire (Rosenberg, 1965), narcissism questionnaire (Ames et al, 2006), anger rumination questionnaire (Sukhodolski et al, 2001), and the aggression scale (Buss & Perry, 1992). after controlling the narcissistic variable and eliminating unanswered cases, 194 (64% girls and 36% boys) remained. In the present correlation study, in order to test the structural relationships in the hypothetical model of relative mediation of anger rumination in the relationship between self-esteem and aggression, the statistical method of structural equation modeling was used. The results showed that the hypothesized model had a good fit with the data. In addition, the results showed that in the hypothesized model, all regression weights were statistically significant. In this model, 47% of the variance of aggression scores was explained by latent variables of rumination, anger, and self-esteem. results of the present study show that if the role of narcissism is controlled, self-esteem can reduce aggression, and in this regard, anger rumination can play a mediating role. The findings of the present study can be used to manage anger rumination and reduce aggression.

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The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of schema therapy on the rumination of women with marital conflicts in Isfahan. The present study was a single-subject design. The statistical population of the study was all women with marital conflict who referred to the Crisis Intervention Center of the Welfare Organization, from which 3 people were selected by convenience sampling. Before the start of the treatment sessions, 2 sessions were held as a baseline for each participant, then the participants underwent Yang schema therapy for 14 sessions. After one month, two follow-up sessions were performed one week apart. The instruments used in this study were Barati and Sanai (MCQ) Marital Conflict Questionnaire (1996), Nolen-Hooksma and Moro (RRS) Ruminant Questionnaire (1991), and Schema Therapy Protocol. For data analysis, visual analysis method, graphs and indicators of trend, stability, percentage of non-overlapping data (PND), and percentage of overlapping data (POD) were used. The results showed that schema therapy was effective on rumination of women with marital conflict. Regarding the rumination variable, except for the second case, in which the result of treatment showed a very good effect (PND = 100%), in the other two treatments, it had a relatively good effect (70%

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The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of impulse control, rumination, and internalized shame in predicting the tendency to suicidal thoughts in teenagers who refer to transitional harm reduction centers in Tehran. This research was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the current study included adolescents aged 14 to 18 years who were referred to the Transitional Injury Reduction Centers (DIC) in Tehran, District 12 (Shosh-Harandi neighborhood) in the first four months of 2011, using a simple random sampling method. 300 people were selected for these centers. Research tools include the Suicidal Ideation Scale (BSSI) (Beck, 1961), the Impulsivity Scale (BIS-11) (Bart et al., 2004), the Rumination Scale (RRS) (Hoeksema & Morrow 1991) and the Internalized Shame Scale ( ISS) (Cook, 1993). In order to analyze the data, Pearson's correlation test and multiple linear regression were used simultaneously. The results have shown that there is a positive and significant relationship between impulse control, rumination, and internalized shame with the tendency to suicidal thoughts (P<0.01). Also, the results of the regression analysis showed that impulse control, rumination, and internalized shame explain a total of 0.78 of the tendency to suicidal thoughts.

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The aim of the current study was to examine the mediating role of maladaptive perfectionism and rumination in the relationship between family functioning and stressful life events with sleep quality in university students. The method of the present study was descriptive-correlational.  The statistical population of this study consisted of B. A Male student at Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran 2021. A sample of 562 students was selected using the convenience sampling method. Date collected tools include  Family Assessment Device (1983) FAD, Ruminative Responses Scale (1991) RRS, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (1989) PSQI, the Positive and Negative Perfectionism Scale (2007) PANPS and Self-Rating Life Events Checklist (1997) ASLEC. Data analysis was based on structural equation modeling. The results showed that family functioning, maladjustment perfectionism, stressful life events, and rumination exert a significant and direct effect on the sleep quality of students (p<0.001). Also, results showed that the mediating role of maladjustment perfectionism in the relationship between family functioning with sleep quality (p<0.01) and the mediating role of rumination in the relationship between stressful events and sleep quality was significant (p<0.01). Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the conceptual model has a good fit and it can be inferred that family functioning, perfectionism, the experience of stressful events, and rumination were important factors affecting students’ sleep quality.

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The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of mindful self-compassion training on rumination and social anxiety of mothers with autistic children. The current research was a semi-experimental type with a pre-test, post-test, and control group with a one-month follow-up. The statistical population of this research included mothers with autistic children who were referred to Anwar Aftab Kotsar Jamil Rehabilitation Center in Qom City in 1400. 30 mothers who met the criteria to enter the research (15 in the experimental group and 15 in the control group) were selected by purposive sampling. Mindful self-compassion training sessions were held for the experimental group for 8 sessions, once a week, and the control group was placed on the waiting list for training. The tools used included Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (1987, LSAS) and Nolen Hoeksma and Marlow's Ruminative Responses Scale (1993, RRS). The collected data were analyzed by repeated measure analysis of variance. The results showed that mindful self-compassion training is effective in reducing rumination and social anxiety of mothers with autistic children (P <0.05). Also, mindful self-compassion training has continued to reduce rumination and social anxiety of mothers with autistic children in the follow-up phase (P <0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that the training in mindful self-compassion program has been effective in reducing rumination and social anxiety of mothers with autistic children.

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The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of treatment based on acceptance and commitment to rumination and perceived stress of women with obsessive-compulsive disorder in the conditions of the corona pandemic. This research was semi-experimental research with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the research was all women suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder, who were selected by purposeful sampling from among those who referred to public and private medical centers in Marand city located in East Azarbaijan province during the year 1401, and then based on random allocation. People were assigned to two experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). Maudsley's Obsessional-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI) (1980), Nolen-Hoeksma and Maro's Rumination Scale (RRS) (1993), Cohen's Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) (1983), And eight sessions of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) were the data collection tools in this research. The data were analyzed using multivariate covariance analysis. The findings showed that by controlling the effect of the pre-test, there is a significant difference in the average scores of rumination and perceived stress in the post-test stage of the experimental and control groups (P<0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that treatment based on acceptance and commitment has had a significant effect on the rumination and perceived rumination of women with the obsessive-compulsive disorder during the conditions of the corona pandemic and causes them to decrease.

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The aim of the present study was to predict obsessive-compulsive disorder based on rumination and distress tolerance in the corona epidemic. The descriptive research method was a correlation. The statistical population includes all people infected with coronavirus who visited Nikoi Hospital in Qom City in the spring of 2021 and the results of their PCR test were positive, the number of these patients was 1166. The statistical sample included 289 members of the mentioned statistical population who were selected using the Cochran formula and available sampling method. Data were collected using Madsley Obsessive-Operational Questionnaire (OPQ) (1997), Nolen Hoeksma and Marlow Rumination Questionnaire (RRS) (1991), and Simmons and Gaher Rumination Questionnaire (DTS) (2005). The results showed the components of being symptomatic, introversion, and censure respectively, have a positive and significant relationship with obsessive-compulsive disorder (p<0.05). Tolerating emotional distress, attention to negative emotions in case of occurrence, mental assessment of distress, and regulatory measures to tolerate distress have a negative and significant relationship with obsessive-compulsive disorder (p<0.05). Also, the results showed that about 15.2% of the variance of obsessive-compulsive disorder was accounted for by the dimensions of rumination (significance, introversion, and condemnation), the dimensions of distress tolerance (tolerance of emotional distress, the amount of attention to negative emotions when they occur, mental assessment of distress and actions The regulator is expected to tolerate distress. It is concluded that obsessive-compulsive disorder can be predicted through rumination and tolerance of distress in the corona epidemic.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on impulsivity and co-rumination in students with suicidal thoughts. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population included all the students of Ardabil Islamic Azad University in the academic year of 2022-2023, of which 39 people were selected by the purposeful sampling method and randomly replaced in two experimental groups (19 people) and control groups (20 people). The experimental group underwent eight 75-minute sessions and one session per week of acceptance and commitment therapy. Data collection tools included the beck suicide scale ideation (BSSI) (Beck and Steer, 1991), the co-rumination questionnaire (CRQ) (Rose, 2002), and the Barrett impulsivity questionnaire-11 (BIS-11) (Patton et al., 1995). Data analysis was done with multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Based on the findings, by controlling the effect of the pre-test, there is a significant difference at the level of 0.01 between the mean of the post-test of impulsivity and co-rumination (and their components) in the two experimental and control groups. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that acceptance and commitment therapy is a suitable psychotherapy method to reduce impulsivity and co-rumination in students with suicidal thoughts.