Rooyesh-e- Ravanshenasi Journal(RRJ)

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Infants would be able to regulate emotion and manage anxiety merely through their intimate relationship with attachment figures they are emotionally in harmony with. This capability is essential for social, emotional, cognitive, and neurobiological development of children, and moreover, their ability to cope with anxiety predicts their success in future relationships. Thus, a theoretical overview of the concept is essential for a deeper understanding of this structure. The present study examined the psychoanalysts’ perception of anxiety since Freud, i.e., when neuroscience provided new insight into psychoanalytic case formulations.

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Blatt highlighted two intertwined pathways of healthy development and therapeutic processes: the anaclitic pathway and the introjective pathway, in this regard, also two types of introjective and anaclitic depression is proposed; which require independent treatments with various emphases despite having similar symptoms. However, in the available therapies, only the same symptoms were emphasized regardless of two completely different types of depression. They all seek to reduce similar symptoms in all depressed patients. Although Blatt et al. have separated two groups of depressed patients theoretically for years, psychotherapists are not familiar with the symptoms, etiology, and treatment patterns of these two types of depression. In the present study, we will theoretically review the two types of anaclitic and introjective depression and discuss the underlying factors and therapeutic implications of each.

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Impaired emotion regulation is the core of many psychological pathologies and despite the availability of effective psychotherapy, many patients do not have a significant clinical improvement in emotion regulation. In this regard, different psychotherapy models derived from disparate theoretical orientations have, over time, commingled emotion regulation recovery principles and techniques. In this article, the cognitive-behavioral model has been compared with the experiential dynamic model in relation to emotion dysregulation underlying factors and subsequent therapeutic techniques affecting these factors and finally, after discussing the disadvantages and benefits of each model, an emotion regulation method based on psychodynamic principles is propounded, blending the findings of emotion regulation science and experiential dynamic psychotherapy. Although the method and the related techniques are psychodynamic, they can be integrated with other approaches. 

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Clinical and empirical evidence in support of Sidney Blatt’s theory suggests that depression revolves around two topics: interpersonal concerns such as feelings of abandonment and loneliness (anaclitic depression) and self-image disorder such as feelings of personal failure, inadequacy, and perfectionism (introjective depression). However, previous research, in line with the Roden et al.’s Model, considers narcissistic vulnerability to be the basis of depression, the essence of which is the experience of shame avoided by patients with both types of anaclitic and introjective depression through a certain type of defense mechanism. Although the two types of depression have similar symptoms, they need independent treatments with different levels of emphasis, so that patients with anaclitic depression need agency and independence in interpersonal relationships, while those with introjective depression need an emphasis on self-compassion. Although Blatt et al. have theoretically separated these two groups of depressed patients for many years, no studies have seriously focused on the common underlying factors in the two groups of patients and the different defenses of each group to avoid the underlying factors and subsequently design an appropriate treatment. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the common underlying factors of the two types of depression for which to seek appropriate treatment.

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Clinical and empirical evidence confirming the relationship between core shame and psychopathology types has shown that core shame is the cause of many mental disorders, in this regard investigating the origin of this emotion in the preventive direction and also studying underlying factors for treatment is important. In this paper, by a theoretical review of the causes and origins of this emotion, as well as the study of research related to the relationship between psychological pathology and core shame, tried to address the underlying factors of this disorder and its educational results. Then, appropriate techniques for prevention and treatment were presented. Given the relationship between core shame and many psychological pathologies, it is important to study and evaluate this influential emotion by mental health professionals in order to use effective treatment techniques to reduce it in the psychotherapy process.

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From the point of view of a group of psychological theories, solitary behaviors may be inconsistent with mental health, so that in these theories aloneness is considered a difficult situation that must be prevented or remedied by children who play alone, it is as if they are unhealthy and break the norm and have mercy on those who engage in individual activities. But from other perspectives, aloneness can be beneficial to psychological functioning, so that the urgent need for privacy and positive experiences of solitude are considered common features of self-fulfilling prophecies. In this article, by reviewing the concept of aloneness and investigating the pros and cons of this capacity, we tried to discuss the origin of the formation of aloneness and its significant effects on mental maturity so that mental health professionals can become more familiar with this concept in order to improve this capacity in psychological structure. 

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One of Andre Green's most important services to psychoanalysis is the invention of the concept of the dead mother's complex. The Dead Mother Complex is a special psychological configuration that revolves around the depressed mother image that is not emotionally available to the child and, in other words, is dead. According to Green, interacting with such a mother creates a kind of internal structural emptiness. In this regard, the aim of the present study was to investigate the origin of this psychological void in the psychological structure, the effect of this pathology on emotion regulation in these persons, and finally its therapeutic implications. The results of the present study indicate that the occurrence of this disorder in the mother's initial relationship with the child causes a person's relative inability to regulate emotions, which in the regulation of emotion leads to fear of experiencing intense emotions because belief Considering that emotions cannot be controlled inherently and internally, they themselves are overwhelmed by these emotions. Because research indicates the flexibility of lifelong attachment styles, and secure attachment styles can be created in later life and as a result of corrective experiences with another attachment symbol, it can be argued that self-compassion-based therapies can be a safe haven, provide that people with this psychological vacuum can take refuge and recover in times of turmoil.

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Negative hallucination refers to a specific phenomenon that often occurs in both daily life and clinical treatment. This phenomenon indicates a very virtual and at the same time obvious absence, and implicitly refers to unexpressed emotions and unusual experiences that are influenced by negative emotions. This phenomenon was first identified by Sigmund Freud and Sandor Francis as part of the psychiatric spectrum and has since been studied mainly by Andre Green, especially in the work of the negative. The focus of this article will be more on Green's statements about negative hallucination as a consequence of the paradox of the negative hallucination regarding the representation of the unrepresentable absence. The purpose of this article is a theoretical review of the concept of negative hallucination in different theories and approaches in order to familiarize mental health professionals with this concept. It is hoped that by increasing knowledge about this concept, more detailed research will be provided to assess and treat it.

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The purpose of this article is to investigate the process of symbolization following the experience of absence and internalization of the object in the depression position. The disturbance in the formation of the symbol is a disturbance in the relationship between ego and object. In particular, a disturbance in the distinction between ego and object leads to a disturbance in the distinction between symbol and symbolized subject which leads to objective psychotic thinking. Therefore, it is important to study the process of symbolization in the relationship between ego and object. In this regard, in this article, the evolution of the concept of symbolization was investigated. The first part of this article deals with the issue of Klein's theoretical framework, and after understanding the psychological positions and symbolization in the depressive position, the concept of symbolization from the perspective of Hannah Segal is discussed.

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The aim of this research was to investigate the concept of the superego from the perspective of psychoanalytic approaches, in particular the theory of Freud and Anna Freud and other theories of object relations (Klein and Bion) and the British Independent School (Fairbairn and Winnicott). Given the significant role of the pathological superego in psychological disorders, a better understanding of this concept and the context of the formation of pathological superego formation is very effective in order to understand the underlying mechanism of mental disorders and their treatment. For many psychoanalytic and psychodynamic approaches, the ultimate goal of treatment is to counter the demands of the superego and then strengthen the weakened ego and help it regain control of the subject's mental life. Therefore, separating the ego parts from the superego and challenging the patient to stop self-destruction and prioritize his healthy part, and replacing the compassionate superego with the aggressive superego should be one of the main therapeutic practices.

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Unconscious phantasy is one of the central concepts in the field of theory and application of psychoanalysis. The importance of this concept, both clinically and theoretically, has led all schools of psychoanalysis to offer their own definition of unconscious phantasy. Given the theoretical multiplicity of this concept, it is not surprising to encounter a large number of definitions: from the classical definition, which is considered an imaginative activity representing the psychological aspect of drives, to other definitions, which it calls "the no-I experience", as we observe between the patient and the therapist. The purpose of this study is a theoretical review of the concept of phantasy in order to further clarify this concept and also investigate its role in treatment techniques. It is hoped that further clarification of this central concept will facilitate a better understanding and treatment of mental disorders.

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Hardwired to connect, we do so through affects. Our brains, bodies, and minds are inseparable from the affects that animate them. The Affect is one of the central concepts in the field of theory and application of psychoanalysis as well as psychology. The importance of this concept, both clinically and theoretically, has led all schools of psychoanalysis and psychology to present their theory of affect. Considering the pervasive influence of psychoanalytical theories about affect in psychology, it is important to examine the concept of affect from the perspective of psychoanalysis approaches. Therefore, the purpose of the current research is to review the concept of affect from a psychoanalytical point of view to clarify it as much as possible and also to examine the role of affect in therapeutic techniques. In this article, affect is examined from the perspective of the most important schools of psychoanalysis, i.e. classical psychoanalysis, ego psychology, object relations, and French psychoanalysis. It is hoped that by clarifying this central concept as much as possible, better understanding and treatment of mental disorders will be facilitated.

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Freud aimed to comprehend why individuals tend to repeat painful or traumatic experiences, a behavior conflicting with the "pleasure principle." In addressing this contradiction, he introduced the concept of the death drive in the article "Beyond the Principle of Pleasure." No other Freudian concept has sparked as much controversy as this idea, which has become a crucial reference point in many analysts' understanding of destructive phenomena encountered in the treatment room and beyond. This research, recognizing the link between the death drive and various psychological pathologies, seeks to provide a theoretical review of this concept within psychoanalytical approaches and explore its therapeutic implications. To achieve this, the study begins by presenting the definition and function of the death drive from the perspectives of Freud and Klein, and a theoretical comparison of these viewpoints is offered. Subsequently, the concept of the death drive is examined from the standpoint of ego psychology, French psychoanalysis, and other contemporary psychoanalytical approaches. The findings highlight that disorders such as borderline and narcissistic personality disorders prominently feature aggression and self-destruction. However, these tendencies are often concealed from therapists' view, leading to challenges in quick recognition. Importantly, therapist resistance may contribute to misinterpretation and overlooking the satisfaction of self-destruction. In response, the research proposes crucial therapeutic insights for prompt diagnosis and treatment of these self-destructive tendencies, emphasizing the importance of therapist awareness and understanding in dealing with such challenging clinical scenarios.