Rooyesh-e- Ravanshenasi Journal(RRJ)

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This study aimed to Comparison of self-efficacy beliefs, emotion regulation strategies and tolerance of ambiguity in male and female students with test anxiety. This study was causal-comparative method. The statistical population of this study includes all male and female students of Ardabil secondary school in the academic year 2012-2013. The participants of the study included 150 students (75 girls and 75 boys) who had an anxiety test, selected randomly in a multi-stage cluster sampling and participated in the study. To collect data, the test anxiety questionnaire, self-efficacy, emotion regulation and tolerance of ambiguity were used. The obtained data were analyzed by MANOVA multivariate analysis of variance using SPSS18 software. The results showed that there is a significant difference between two groups of male and female students with test anxiety. The results also showed that there is a significant difference between male and female students with anxiety tests in the setting of excitement and tolerance of ambiguity. However, this difference was not significant in self-efficacy. The results show that emotional regulation and tolerance of ambiguity in female students have anxiety tests more than boys. Therefore, in order to prevent the test anxiety, it is possible to teach emotional adjustment strategies to female students and increase their ambiguity with necessary training.

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Objective: The present study aimed at an investigation of the effectiveness of the mindfulness training on test anxiety in Kashan guidance grade boy students. Method: The present study is experimental with pre-test – post-test with the control group. The statistical population of the present study includes all of the guidance grade boy students in the academic years of 1394 in Kashan among whom 40 subjects were, randomly selected in sampling methods. The measurement instruments in the present study were of test anxiety questionnaire of Spielberger. Questionnaire pre-test, post-test, and follow-up were used. Results: Statistical analysis of covariance showed that the hypothesis of the present study was based on a 99% level of confidence is significant. Conclusion: It is concluded that mindfulness training is effective in reducing anxiety.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of Group Gestalt Therapy in Social anxiety and Test anxiety in female's students. This research has experimented with pretest-posttest design, conducted with a control and experimental group. The study population included all of the undergraduate students at the University of Sari, belonging to the academic year of 2015-2016. Fifty students were selected randomly for this particular purpose. The participants were given Kanter social anxiety, Sarason test anxiety and did the pretest. Among those students, twenty of them who experienced more anxiety were chosen.
Consequently, therapy was performed on them.  At the end of the sessions, the students in both groups had to do a posttest. The data were analyzed through the utilization of covariance analyses. According to the mean scores, it can be concluded that Gestalt therapy has a significant effect on reducing students' social anxiety. Also concerning the mean scores, it can be concluded that gestalt group therapy is effective in reducing anxiety in students.

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The present research was conducted to investigate the effectivity of brain-centered training on academic procrastination and test anxiety. This research was a kind of semi-experimental (semi-pilot) one together with pre-test and post-test with the control group. The statistical population of the research contained all male students in 9th grade in high school in Khaf city in the education year of 1396-97. The researcher selected 30 male high school students in Khaf as sample group and then they were divided into two control and test groups via non-random sampling method. The learning atmosphere was changed according to the effective factors on the brain (light, nutrition, oxygen, color, music, and water). Therefore, the teacher trained the test group based on brain-centered learning principles. The test anxiety inventory by Speilberger (1980) and the academic procrastination questionnaire of Solomon and Rothblum (1984) were used to measure the variables. The results of the research showed that brain-centered training is active on the reduction of test anxiety (P<0/05), but it has not affected procrastination; thus, it can be concluded that brain-centered training influences over a decline of test anxiety. Therefore, the brain-centered learning train can be used as an intervention method in decreasing the students’ test anxiety.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the emotional, social, educational, self-regulation and test anxiety of gifted and normal boy  students in Khoramabad city. The statistical population consisted of all gifted and normal boy students of Khoramabad city who studied in the academic year of 96-97. Using simple random sampling, among the students of Khoram Abad's talented high school students, 206 persons were selected and equal to The same group was selected by multi-stage random sampling among boy general schools in Khoramabad city. In order to measure the variables of the research, the questionnaire of adaptation questionnaire for Sinha and Sing students, self-regulatory questionnaire was used for learning Zimerman's students and Martins-Pons  and Ahwaz test anxiety questionnaire.  Data were analyzed using MANOVA. The results showed that there is a significant difference between two groups of gifted and normal students in terms of emotional adjustment, self-regulation and test anxiety (p <0.05). Looking at the mean of the groups, the results indicate that the students of the group have higher levels of emotional adjustment and lower test anxiety, but students with lower levels of emotional compatibility and anxiety have more tests, in the self-regulating variable of the students who are gifted Have a higher mean than normal students (p <0.01). However, there was no significant difference between social and educational adjustment of the two groups.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on test anxiety among primary school girls in Andimeshk city. The method of this research is semi-experimental. The pretest-posttest design with the control group used. The study population were all school children in the third grade to the sixth Animesh city in the academic year 97-96 were enrolled in primary schools in the city. Sampling in this research was a simple multi-stage random sampling. This means that the elementary schools three schools selected randomly from among students score above the cut score on the scale of test anxiety in children (score above 70) thirty randomly selected in the final stage of randomly into two groups There were fifteen people. Before the intervention, both groups filled out the test anxiety questionnaire, and immediately after the intervention, the questionnaire was again filled up by subjects in both groups. Descriptive statistical methods including mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics including one-variable and multivariate covariance analysis were used to analyze the data. The results of the data analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups after the intervention. Therefore, acceptance and commitment therapy based therapy reduced the test anxiety of the primary school children.

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Emotional regulation expresses the psychological and behavioural processes through which individuals affect their own and others’ feelings. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of emotional regulation training on test anxiety and processing efficiency among high school girl students. The research is carried out using a quasi-experimental design. Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Information Processing Index (IPI) were used as research tools. All the female students of Yasouj school (n=44; sample=22, control=22) during 2017-18 school year were selected as the population of this study using simple random. Participants in the experimental group received emotion regulation training based on Grass model. The training included 8 sessions per hour twice a week. The obtained data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Data analyses showed that emotional regulation training was effective for test anxiety and processing efficiency. Thus, emotion regulation skills can be offered to students for enabling them to manage their emotions, anxiety in particular, at school.

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This research is aimed at investigating the effect of white noise on elementary students’ anxiety. The research is a semi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design and control group. The population includes all the students of secondary elementary of Bavi city in the first semester of the academic year 2019-20. Out of the mentioned population, 40 students were selected by Multi-stage cluster sampling , and they were randomly assigned to two groups including the experimental group (20 people) and control group (20 people). In the experimental group, the subjects participated in seven 45-min exam sessions of different courses by playing white noise. Data collection was done by using Test Anxiety Inventory (Abolghasemi et al, 1996), and data analysis was done by univariate analysis of covariance. The findings suggest that by controlling the effect of pretest, there is a significant difference in the mean posttest scores of the test anxiety in the experimental group (P˂0.05). According to the results, It is recommended that white noise be used to reduce the anxiety of exam students in elementary school as well as to create peace of mind in educational situations.

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Test anxiety is a mental-emotional state that reduces student performance. The use of adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and cognitive avoidance has an important effect on how students get out of stressful situations. The aim of the present research was the role of cognitive emotion regulation and cognitive avoidance in predicting test anxiety in female students. The present study was descriptive-correlational and the statistical population included all 10th-grade female students in Azna city in the academic year 2019-2020, from which 336 female students were selected by available sampling. Data collection tools included the Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI; Spielberger, 1980), Cognitive Emotion Regulation (CERQ; Garnefski & keraij, 2006), and Cognitive Avoidance (CAQ; Sexton & Dougas, 2008). The data were analyzed by correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analysis. The results showed that there is a positive relationship between test anxiety and self-blame, acceptance, rumination, catastrophizing, other's blame, and cognitive avoidance strategies, there is a negative relationship between test anxiety with positive reappraisal (P <0.05). Results of regression analysis indicated that from among adaptive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation, positive assessments negatively and from among non-adaptive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation, self-blame other blame and from among strategies cognitive avoidance: thought Substitution and thought Suppression positively, they explain 41% of the test anxiety score. predict the test anxiety. As results indicate, the strategies employed by individuals to regulate their emotions can play a significant role in the determination of their test anxiety, and strengthening the adaptive cognitive emotion regulation should be regarded as an intervention and educational goal in enhancing the test anxiety.

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Test anxiety is one of the common problems in children and adolescents that reduce their efficiency. Too much anxiety may firstly disrupt studying and memorizing, and finally, disturb the performance of an individual during the test. The purpose of this study was to structural equation modeling of test anxiety based on perfectionism with emphasis on mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation. The method of this study was descriptive -correlational. The whole secondary school students in Tehran city in the academic year 1401-1400 constituted the statistical population of this study. 456 people from this statistical population were selected randomly by convenience sampling and participated in this study. The instruments were the test anxiety inventory (TAI) of Aboighasand et al (1375), the Tehran multidimensional perfectionism scale (TMPS) of Besharat (2,008), and the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (CERQ) of Garnefski and Kraaij (2006). Data were evaluated and analyzed with the use of Pearson’s correlation and Structural Equation Model (SEM) by SPSS-24 and AMOS. Results showed that perfectionism and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation negatively predicted test anxiety in students (p <0.05). maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation had a mediating role in this prediction (p <0.05). As a result, focusing on perfectionism and maladaptive cognitive regulation of emotion can play an important role in student test anxiety. More interventions based on overcoming perfectionism and cognitive emotion regulation-based interventions in treatment for pathological test anxiety are suggested.

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The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of teaching problem-solving skills on exam anxiety, self-efficacy, and locus of control of male second-year high school students. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The statistical population was the male students in the second year of middle school in Tabriz city in the academic year 2021-2022, from which 60 students were selected by multi-stage random sampling and randomly divided into 2 experimental groups (30 people) and a control group (30 people). were placed The test anxiety scale (TAS, Sarason, 1998), academic self-efficacy questionnaire (ASQ, McIlroy and Bunting, 2002), and locus of control questionnaire (SCQ, Rutter, 1996) were used to collect data. Data analysis was done using analysis of the covariance test. The results of the research showed that by controlling the pre-test effect, there is a significant difference between the post-test mean of test anxiety, self-efficacy, and source of control in the two test and control groups (P<0.01). In fact, teaching problem-solving skills increases academic self-efficacy and the source of internal control. Also, teaching problem-solving skills reduces exam anxiety and the source of external control in students.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Gestalt play therapy on aggression and test anxiety of elementary school students with specific learning disabilities. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test & post-test design and a follow-up period of one month. The statistical population included all elementary school girls (first period) with specific learning disabilities in reading and writing who were studying in Kashan City in the academic year 1402-1401. The sampling method was purposeful. In this way, 30 female elementary school students with choice disorder were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (15 people each). The tools used included the Nelson & Finch Children`s Inventory of Anger (CHIA), (2000) and the Abolghasemi et al test anxiety scale (TAI), (2015). The experimental group was treated in 10 sessions of 45 minutes twice a week and in three groups of five people, they were treated with a play therapy educational package based on the Gestalt method of Violet Oaklander (1997). The collected data were analyzed by repeated measure analysis of variance. The results showed that there is a significant difference between the averages in the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up stages (p≤0.001), while no significant difference was observed between the averages in the post-test and follow-up stages, which indicates the stability of the effectiveness of the intervention. Therefore, using gestalt play therapy can be effective in reducing aggression and test anxiety of students with special learning disorders.

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The present study was conducted with the aim of the role of academic self-defeating behaviors, test anxiety, and social problem-solving skills in predicting the academic achievement of secondary school students. The present research method was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive correlation in terms of the nature of the data. The statistical population of the present study included all students of the first secondary school in the 4th district of Tehran in the academic year 2022-2023, of which 270 people (144 girls, 116 boys) were selected by multi-stage random cluster sampling. The participants used the Self-Destructive Cognition and Behavior Scales (SDBC) (Cunningham, 2007), Test Anxiety (FTA) (Friedman and Bandaz-Jacob, 1997) and the Revised Social Problem-Solving Questionnaire (SPSI-R) (Dzurilla & Nezu, 2002) answered. Data were analyzed simultaneously using multiple regression analysis. The results showed that there are direct and significant relationships between social problem-solving skills and academic achievement and inverse and significant relationships between academic procrastination, academic self-handicapping from the components of academic self-defeating behaviors and social humiliation, cognitive error and stress from the components of exam anxiety with There is academic achievement of students. The research results also showed that the combination of research variables significantly predicts the academic progress of students and explains 51% of its variance (R² = 0.51) (P<0.01). Based on this, it seems that problem-solving social skills, academic self-defeating behaviors, and test anxiety play an important role in predicting students' academic achievement.

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The present study aimed to compare the two executive functions of attention shifting and response inhibition in children with separation anxiety disorder and test anxiety. The current research was of a causal-comparative type. The statistical population of this study consisted of all female elementary school students in Sari City, who were diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder and test anxiety in the years 1402-1403. From the entire population, 150 individuals were selected using purposeful sampling. 75 individuals were placed in the separation anxiety group and 75 individuals in the test anxiety group. Data collection was done using the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS; 1997), Sarason Test Anxiety Questionnaire (1958), Stroop Color-Word Computerized Test (SWCT; 1935), and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST; 1948). Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was used to analyze the data. The results showed a significant difference in the attention-shifting component (P=0.001) between individuals with separation anxiety and individuals with test anxiety (P< 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in the response inhibition component (P= 0.225) between the two sample groups (P> 0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that there is a difference in attention shifting in individuals with separation anxiety and individuals with test anxiety.