The Comparing the effectiveness of neurofeedback therapy and cognitive rehabilitation on improving executive functions in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Rastegar, Shirin; Akbari, Bahman

doi:10.66224/Rooyesh.15.1.139

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year 15, Issue 1 (Spring 1 2026 2026) Rooyesh 2026, 15(1): 139-150 | Back to browse issues page

‎ 10.66224/Rooyesh.15.1.139

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Rastegar S, Akbari B. (2026). The Comparing the effectiveness of neurofeedback therapy and cognitive rehabilitation on improving executive functions in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Rooyesh. 15(1), 139-150. doi:10.66224/Rooyesh.15.1.139
URL: http://frooyesh.ir/article-1-6851-en.html

The Comparing the effectiveness of neurofeedback therapy and cognitive rehabilitation on improving executive functions in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Shirin Rastegar¹

, Bahman Akbari ^*²

1- Department of Psychology, Ra.C., Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran.
2- Department of Psychology, Ra.C., Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran. , bahmanakbari@iau.ac.ir

Abstract: (232 Views)

The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of neurofeedback and cognitive rehabilitation interventions in improving executive functions in children diagnosed with ADHD. This quasi-experimental research employed a pretest–posttest design with a two-month follow-up and a control group. The study population comprised all children with ADHD in Tehran in 2025, from which 48 eligible volunteers were recruited using purposeful sampling and randomly assigned to two intervention groups and one control group. The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF.,Gerard et al, 2000) and the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Questionnaire (SNAPIV., Swanson et al., 1980) were used as measurement tools. Data analysis was conducted using repeated-measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests. The results indicated that that both the neurofeedback and cognitive rehabilitation treatment intervention groups significantly increased their scores from pre-test to post-test and follow-up in the executive function variable compared to the control group (P<0.001); however, no significant difference was observed between the two neurofeedback and cognitive rehabilitation methods (P<0.005). The results suggest that, to maximize the stability of improvement and facilitate its transfer to everyday life, future protocols should consider a combined and integrative approach incorporating both interventions. Such a design would more comprehensively address the neurobiological and behavioral dimensions of attention deficits and capitalize on the synergistic potential of these methods.

Keywords: Neurofeedback, Cognitive Rehabilitation, Executive Functions, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

Full-Text [PDF 605 kb] (158 Downloads)

Type of Article: Research | Subject: Clinical Psychology
Received: 2025/12/27 | Accepted: 2026/01/28 | ePublished: 2026/03/29